Working Great Japanese Dog (Obsolete) <br /> Japanese Akita

61–66 cm (24–26 in)

11–15 years

34–54 kg (75–119 lb)

Coarse, straight, with soft undercoat Red, fawn, sesame, brindle, or pure white

2009-07-23T16:46:47-07:00

<h2>Description</h2><h3> Appearance </h3><p>The breed stands anywhere from 60–66 cm (24–26 in) at the withers. Females weigh anywhere from 30–45 kg (70–100 lb) and males are 35–54 kg (75–119). The Akita Inu come in only five colors: Red, Fawn, Sesame, Brindle, and Pure White. All except white must have whitish hair on the sides of the muzzle, on the cheeks, the neck, chest, body and tail. Black masks, as seen in the American Akita, are not permitted in the Japanese Akita Inu.</p><p>All colors are accepted in the American Akita. The Pinto color is not accepted as a Japanese Akita color, but is as an American Akita color. In the U.S., some breeders interbreed the original Japanese type with the heavier American type, which is larger, and allows more colors. It is felt by some that combining the two types leads to improved appearance and genetic health by increasing genetic diversity. There is only a single Akita breed registered by the American Kennel Club; in all other countries besides Canada the breed has been separated into two breeds: the Akita Inu and the American Akita.</p><h3> Temperament </h3><p>Akitas are renowned as loyal dogs and also intelligent and because of their intelligence are easily bored. As a result, they often become destructive if not given anything to do. Akitas can live happily in apartments as long as they are given plenty of exercise. They need to be socialized as puppies so they are friendly dogs. Although they love human companionship, they are quite happy to be outside dogs as well, but should still be taken out for walks to prevent destruction of the yard. Akitas often become excitable when seeing their owners, often wiggling around and making happy grunts. They will also cry if they are hungry.</p><p>Akitas are very good with children, and are often quite playful, although they should be watched around small children as they could knock them over during play.</p><p>The Akita Inu have a reputation for sometimes being aggressive towards strangers, smaller animals or other dogs, particularly those of the same sex . Akitas would rather live in a home with no other pets present, unless they have been raised with them during puppyhood. Before deciding if an Akita is the right dog for your house, first make sure of the breed at which you are looking; the American Akita or the Japanese Inu Akita. Further research is always advisable before deciding on a breed.</p><h2>Health</h2><h3>Mortality</h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/akita-inu-1"><img alt="Akita Inu 1" src="/images/Akita Inu/akita-inu-1-thumb.jpg?1249531052" title="Akita female with pup" /></a><br />Akita female with pup</div> Akitas in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 years, which is similar to other breeds of their size.</p><p>In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (32%), cardiac (14%), and gastrointestinal, including bloat/torsion (14%). In a 2000-2001 USA/Canada Health Survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (21%), GDV (=bloat/torsion, 21%), musculoskeletal (15.5%), and autoimmune (7%).</p><h3>Grooming</h3><p>Akitas possess a double coat, with a dense straight undercoat, and a thick outer coat. This coat makes the dog waterproof, as well as being well-equipped for the fierce winters in northern Japan. Due to the thickness of their coat, the breed requires daily grooming, and also an awareness of the dog's heavy shedding, especially during warm weather.</p><h3>Morbidity</h3><p>Some of the health conditions known to affect this breed include:</p><ul><li>Canine herpesvirus, a strain of the Herpes virus that affects canines</li><li>Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), a condition associated with bloat</li><li>Pemphigus, which causes the immune system to attack the dog's skin (leading to pustules)</li><li>Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), an adult-onset condition which causes gradual degeneration in the eye cells (i.e. rods & cones)</li><li>UveoDermatological Syndrome (UDS)</li><li>Sebaceous adenitis, an autoimmune condition which attacks and destroys the dog's sebaceous glands</li><li>Canine hip dysplasia</li><li>Hypothyroidism</li><li>Hyperkalaemia, as a breed, Akitas have abnormally high blood potassium concentrations compared to other breeds. </li><li>Heart size, as a breed, Akitas have an unusually small heart for their size. A number of Akitas have died while being operated on under the normal dose of general anaesthetic for a canine of that size, a dose which ultimately proved excessive and fatal to the Akita. For that reason, to avoid anaesthetic-induced death, only the bare minimum dose of general anaesthetic sufficient to produce anaesthesia should be used when an Akita requires general anaesthesia.</li></ul><h4>Gastric dilatation volvulus</h4><p>Akita owners should take special note of the high incidence of GDV (gastric dilatation volvulus) in this breed. Excess gas trapped in the dog's stomach causes "bloat." Twisting of the stomach (volvulus or "torsion") causes or is caused by that excess gas. GDV is an emergency condition requiring immediate veterinary treatment. Akita owners should be alert to the symptoms of GDV and know the location of the nearest emergency veterinary facility. Dogs with any symptoms of GDV (esp. unsuccessful attempts at vomiting) should be regarded as having GDV until proven otherwise by a veterinarian.</p><p>Symptoms of GDV include:</p><ul><li>Gagging or retching with unsuccessful attempts at vomiting (frothy foam may come up instead)</li><li>Distended abdomen (may or may not be noticeable)</li><li>Discomfort and pain esp. around the abdomen for no apparent reason-- this may be observed as frequent pacing, an inability to find a comfortable position, whimpering, or wincing when pressure is applied to the abdomen</li><li>Weakness</li><li>Depression</li><li>Breathing difficulty </li><li>Hypersalivation and panting</li><li>Possible cardiac problems such as arrhythmias</li><li>Cyanosis (blue gums or skin) in severe cases from a lack of oxygen</li></ul><h2> History </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/akita-inu-2-2"><img alt="Akita Inu 2" src="/images/Akita Inu/akita-inu-2-thumb.jpg?1249531053" title="A stamp of the Akita "Tachibana" (one of the very few purebred Akitas that survived World War II) on a Japanese postage stamp." /></a><br />A stamp of the Akita "Tachibana" (one of the very few purebred Akitas that survived World War II) on a Japanese postage stamp.</div></p><p>Japanese history, both verbal and written, describe the ancestors of the Akita Inu, the Matagi dog, as one of the oldest of the native dogs. The Akita Inu of today developed primarily from these dogs in the northernmost region of the island of Honshū in the Akita prefecture, thus providing the breed's name. The Matagi's quarry included elk, antelope, boar, and the 120-stone Yezo bear. This swift, agile, unswervingly tenacious precursor dog tracked large game and held it at bay until the hunters arrived to make the kill.</p><p>Recent DNA analysis found that the Akita was among the most ancient dog breeds.</p><p>During World War II, the number of Akita dogs greatly diminished because of the lack of food. There were also orders to capture all dogs except German Shepherds in order to use their fur for warm army uniforms.</p><p>During the occupation years following the war, the breed began to thrive again through the efforts of Sawataishi and others. For the first time, Akitas were bred for a standardized appearance. Akita fanciers in Japan began gathering and exhibiting the remaining Akitas and producing litters in order to restore the breed to sustainable numbers and to accentuate the original characteristics of the breed muddied by crosses to other breeds. US servicemen fell in love with the Akita and imported many of them into the US upon and after their return.</p><p>The Japanese Akita and American Akita began to diverge in type through the middle and later part of the 20th century with the Japanese Akita fanciers focusing on restoring the breed as a work of Japanese art and American Akita fanciers selecting for the larger, heavier-boned dogs that emerged from the post-war times. Both types derive from a common ancestry, but marked differences can be observed between the two. First, while American Akitas are acceptable in all colors, Japanese Akitas are only permitted to be red, fawn, sesame, white, or brindle. Additionally, American Akitas may be pinto and/or have black masks, unlike Japanese Akitas.</p><p>Much debate occurs among Akita fanciers of both types whether there are or should be two breeds of Akita. To date, The AKC and CKC, guided by their national breed clubs, consider American and Japanese Akitas to be two types of the same breed, allowing free breeding between the two. The FCI and Kennel Clubs most other nations consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds.</p><h2>In popular culture</h2><p></p><h3>Television shows</h3><p>* Many manga titles by Takahashi Yoshihiro feature Akita dogs as the main character. These include Gin of <em></em>. His son Weed, who stars in Ginga Densetsu Weed, is an Akita/Kishu Ken mix. This is said to be because Takahashi Yoshihiro was born in Akita Prefecture.</p><ul><li>The title character in the anime and manga animated series <em>InuYasha</em>, along with his brother, Sesshomaru and father, Inu no Taisho are said to be Akita <em>yōkai</em> (half yōkai half human in InuYasha's case). A yōkai is a legendary Japanese demon.</li></ul><h3>Literature</h3><p>*In the manga <em>Nana</em>, one of the title characters is given the nickname Hachiko in reference to her dog-like loyalty being similar to that of the famous dog Hachikō.</p><ul><li>Martha Sherrill's biography <em>Dog Man: An Uncommon Life on a Faraway Mountain</em> reviews the history of the Akita and the efforts of Morie Sawataishi to restore the breed.</li><li>The Akita "Hachiko" from the book "Hachiko Waits" by Leslea Newman, illustrated by Machiyo Kodaira.</li></ul><h3>Famous people</h3><ul><li>Nicole Brown Simpson's dog in the O.J. Simpson case was an Akita, named Kaelin.</li><li>MC Hammer has two Akitas named Bart and Alvin.</li><li>Major league baseball Hall of Famer Cal Ripken owned an Akita, Champagne, in the 1980's and 90's. </li><li>Helen Keller owned two Akita dogs, the second presented by the Japanese government. It is thought that she introduced the breed into American culture.</li><li>Sarah Michelle Gellar owns an Akita named Tyson.</li><li>Bryan Gonzalez owns an Akita named Famous.</li></ul><h3>Plays/musicals</h3><p>*In the Broadway musical <em>Rent</em>, the character of Benny and his wife Alison own an Akita named Evita.</p><h2>See also</h2><ul><li>Hachikō</li><li>Shiba Inu</li></ul><h2> Notes </h2><p></p><h2> References </h2><p>*Much of the content of this article comes from the site <a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E7%94%B0%E7%8A%AC">the equivalent Japanese-language wikipedia article</a> (retrieved October 15, 2005). </p><h2>External links</h2><p></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.japaneseakita-inu.co.uk/">Japanese Akita Inu Club</a></li><li><a href="http://www.akitainuforum.org">The Akita Inu Forum</a></li><li><a href="http://www.bruning.com/dogs/akita.php">Information about the Akita Inu</a></li><li><a href="http://www.akitahq.com/">Akita HeadQuarters</a>—a pedigree database</li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>

19642

570

true

3–12 puppies, avg. 7–8

Akita Inu

true

Japan

<p> </p><p>The is a breed of large dog originating in Japan, named for Akita Prefecture, where it is thought to have originated. It is sometimes called the <strong>Akita-ken</strong> based on the Sino-Japanese reading of the same kanji. It is a separate breed from the American Akita, and is quite uncommon in many countries. </p>

2010-03-11T14:55:10-08:00

Treeing Feist , none

2009-07-23T16:24:39-07:00

<h2> Description </h2><p>Feists generally are small (under 18inches/45cm), short-coated dogs with long legs, usually white with dark spots, a pointed (snipy) nose and with ears set high on the head. Traditionally the tail is docked. As feists are bred for hunting, not as show dogs, there is little to no consistency in appearance (breed type), and they may be purebred, crossbred, or mixed breed dogs. They are identified more by the way they hunt than by their appearance.</p><p>Individual dogs can hunt in more than one way, but in general, <strong>feists</strong> work above ground to chase small prey, especially squirrels. This contrasts with <strong>fell terriers</strong>, earth dogs that go to ground to kill or drive out the prey, usually rodents, European rabbits, foxes, or badgers. '''</p><p>When hunting, feists, unlike hounds, are silent on track. They "tree" squirrels, keeping them in the tree by barking and circling the tree, in the same manner that coonhounds tree raccoons.</p><p>Various named varieties within the feist type have been developed, including the Treeing Feist, Mullins Feist, Denmark Feist, Mountain Feist, Kemmer Feist, and Rat Terrier. The United Kennel Club recognizes a Treeing Feist breed.</p><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/feist-1"><img alt="Feist 1" src="/images/Feist/feist-1-thumb.jpg?1249530011" title="An example of a Mullins Feist" /></a><br />An example of a Mullins Feist</div></p><h2> History </h2><p>The feist is not a new type. Written accounts of the dogs go back centuries. Abraham Lincoln wrote about them in a poem, "The Bear Hunt" (feist is spelled "fice"). Reference to them is included in the diary of George Washington in 1770 ("A small foist looking yellow cur"), and a feist is also featured in William Faulkner's "Go Down Moses" (a brave "fice" dog is killed by a bear--actually, Faulkner spelled the word "fyce"). Claude Shumate, who wrote about the Feist for "Full Cry" magazine, believed that the feist was descended from Native American dogs, mixed with small terriers from Britain, and was kept as early as the 1600s (Full Cry, December, 1987).</p><h2> Similar Breeds </h2><p>Similar dogs are the Smooth Fox Terrier, developed to flush out foxes for hunters in England (but now primarily kept for conformation showing and as a pet), and the Jack Russell Terrier, used for ratting. Fox terriers and feists are often predominantly white so as to be visible to hunters. There are many other variants of this type, such as the Parson Russell Terrier and Rat Terrier, and many locally developed purebred breeds. The original fox terrier type was documented in England in the 1700s.</p><h2> Feist and Jack Russell </h2><p>Because of similarities in appearance, feists are sometimes mistaken for Jack Russell Terriers, particularly in shelters and pounds. However, certain physical characteristics separate the two, and can be easy to identify if you know what to look for. The coat of a feist is generally softer and smoother than that of a Jack Russell. Its legs are longer and in better proportion to its body, and the tail of a feist is usually shorter than that of a Jack Russell.</p><p>Despite overall physical similarities, however, the behavior and temperament of a feist and a Jack Russell are quite different.</p><p>Most feists are fairly quiet dogs, and lack the tendency to excessive barking demonstrated by Jack Russells. Because feists were bred to hunt in packs, they enjoy the company of other dogs, whereas Jack Russells tend to be more combative, and may be too aggressive to share space with another dog. Finally, while active, feists do not generally exhibit the frenetic energy of Jack Russells.</p><h2> Feist and Rat Terrier </h2><p>There has been considerable crossing of feist dogs, since they are bred primarily for performance as hunting dogs. Feist dogs are the progenitor of what we now call the Rat Terrier. The Rat Terrier is a specific breed within the "feist" umbrella. Because the word "feist" refers to a general type of dog just as "hound" and "terrier" refer to a group of breeds, Rat Terriers are often called "feist". The terriers brought to America in the 1890s from England were crossed with feist dogs already here in addition to some of the Toy breeds (Toy Fox Terrier, Manchester Terrier and Chihuahua) to develop the Rat Terrier we know today.</p><h2> Etymology </h2><p>The word 'feist' is described in Webster's Third New International Dictionary as from the obsolete word "fysting" meaning "breaking wind, in such expressions as fysting dog or fysting hound". "Feist" is defined as "1. chiefly dial: a small dog of uncertain ancestry..." Related to the word "feisty". More on the Online Etymological Dictionary <a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=feisty">www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=feisty</a> .</p><h2> References </h2><p>"Feist or Fiction?: The Squirrel Dog of the Southern Mountains" by Donald Davis, Jeffrey Stotkit, The Journal of Popular Culture 26 (1992) , pgs 193–201</p><p>"Introduction to the Treeing Feist: a squirrel dog breed history" by Marcus B. Gray, Countryside & Small Stock Journal, November/December 2007, pg 48</p><h2>External links</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.americantreeingfeist.com/">American Treeing Feist Association</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/20e9633bf37133b48525704d006a38f1?OpenDocument">UKC Treeing Feist Standard (2004)</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.ratterrierclub.com/">Rat Terrier Club of America</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/feist.htm">Feist breeds on Dog Breed Info </a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.ukcdogs.com/HPCurFeist.htm">UKC Curs and Feists events page</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2849.html">Poem 'The Bear Hunt'</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://calvin.brewer-family.org/genealogy/miller/family.php?fatherid=477&motherid=478">Feist dog trees a panther (early 1800s)</a></li></ul><p> </p>

1071

256

true

Feist

false

United States

<p></p><p>A <strong>Feist</strong> (or <strong>Fyce</strong>) is a type of small hunting dog, developed in the rural southern United States.</p>

2010-03-11T10:36:31-08:00

Non-sporting Japanese Shiba Inu<br />Japanese Small Size Dog<br />Shiba Ken , Shiba

2009-07-23T16:43:07-07:00

<p>A small, agile dog that copes very well with mountainous terrain, the Shiba Inu was originally bred for hunting. It is similar in appearance to the Akita, though much smaller in stature. </p><p><em>Inu</em> is the Japanese word for dog, but the origin of the prefix "Shiba" is less clear. The word <em>shiba</em> usually refers to a type of red shrub. This leads some to believe that the Shiba was named with this in mind, either because the dogs were used to hunt in wild shrubs, or because the most common color of the Shiba Inu is a red color similar to that of the shrubs. However, in old Japanese, the word <em>shiba</em> also had the meaning of "small", thus this might be a reference to the dog's small size. Therefore, the Shiba Inu is sometimes translated as "Little Brushwood Dog".</p><h2> Description </h2><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/shiba-inu-1"><img alt="Shiba Inu 1" src="/images/Shiba Inu/shiba-inu-1-thumb.jpg?1249530781" title="Creamy white is a color not recognized by any major kennel club" /></a><br />Creamy white is a color not recognized by any major kennel club</div></p><h3>Appearance</h3><p>Shiba Inu have double coats, with a straight outer coat and a soft, dense undercoat that is blown generally two times a year, producing a relatively large amount of fur given the size of the dog. Shedding normally occurs at the beginning or end of each season. However, between seasonal sheddings Shibas generally shed in smaller quantities and require regular brushing.</p><p>Shiba may be red, black and tan, or sesame (red with black-tipped hairs), with a cream, buff, or grey undercoat. They may also be creamy white or pinto, though this color is not allowed in the show ring as the markings known as . "Urajiro" literally translates to "underside white" are unable to be seen. The <em>urajiro</em> markings are defined as a pattern of white in contrast to the dog's primary coat color that exists on the underside of the Shiba.</p><p>Males are generally 14 1/2–17 1/2 inches (35–43 cm) high at the withers and average around 23 pounds (10 kg). Females are slightly smaller at 13 1/2–15 1/2 inches (33–41 cm) and averaging 17 pounds (8 kg).</p><h3> Temperament </h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/shiba-inu-2-2"><img alt="Shiba Inu 2" src="/images/Shiba Inu/shiba-inu-2-thumb.jpg?1249530781" title="Black and tan Shiba Inu puppy" /></a><br />Black and tan Shiba Inu puppy</div> Shibas are generally independent and intelligent dogs. Some owners struggle with obedience training, but as with many dogs, socialization at a young age can greatly affect temperament. Traits such as independence and intelligence are often associated with ancient dog breeds, such as the Shiba Inu. Most shibas must always be on a leash, but with the proper upbringing and training, some Shibas are able to be off leash. However because of their tendency to have a strong prey and hunting drive they can be very prey oriented and if it runs away they are very likely to give chase, often ignoring their owner's voice. </p><p>From the Japanese breed standard:</p><p><extension name='blockquote'>The dog has a spirited boldness and is fiercely proud with a good nature and a feeling of artlessness. The Shiba is able to move quickly with nimble, elastic steps. <p>The Shiba is a fastidious breed and feels the need to maintain itself in a clean state. They can often be seen licking their paws and legs much like a cat. They generally go out of their way to keep their coats clean, and while walking will avoid stepping in puddles, mud and dirt. Because of their fastidious nature, the Shiba puppy is easy to housebreak and in many cases will housebreak themselves. Having their owner simply place them outside after meal times and naps is generally enough to teach the Shiba the appropriate method of toileting. </p><p>A distinguishing characteristic of the breed is the so-called "shiba scream". When sufficiently provoked or unhappy, the dog will produce a loud, high pitched scream. This can occur when attempting to handle the dog in a way that it deems unacceptable. The animal may also emit a very similar sound during periods of great joy, such as the return of the owner after an extended absence, or the arrival of a favored human guest.</p><h2>History</h2><p>Recent DNA analysis confirms that this is one of the oldest dog breeds, dating back to the 3rd century BC.</p><p>Originally, the Shiba Inu was bred to hunt and flush small game, such as birds and rabbits. However, it is now primarily kept as a pet both in Japan and abroad.</p><p>In 1936, the Shiba Inu was declared a natural monument of Japan through the Cultural Properties Act. Despite efforts to preserve the breed, the Shiba nearly became extinct during World War II due to a combination of bombing raids and a post-war distemper epidemic. All subsequent dogs were bred from the only three surviving bloodlines, known as the San'in, Mino, and Shinshu.</p><p>In 1954, an armed service family brought the first Shiba Inu to the United States. In 1979, the first recorded litter was born in the United States. The Shiba was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1992 and added to the AKC Non-Sporting Group in 1993.</p><h2>Health</h2><p>Health conditions known to affect this breed are glaucoma, cataracts, hip dysplasia, and luxating patella. Shibas are also prone to food allergies. Epilepsy is also becoming common in several bloodlines in Australia and the USA. Overall; however, they are of great genetic soundness and few Shibas are diagnosed with genetic defects in comparison to other dog breeds. </p><h3>Life Span</h3><p>Their average life expectancy is 12 to 16 years.</p><h3>Grooming</h3><p>These are fantastically clean dogs, so grooming needs will likely be at a minimum for most individuals. A Shiba Inu coat is short, coarse and naturally waterproof, so there is little need for regular bathing. However, there is one drawback - shedding, also known as blowing coat. They have a thick undercoat that can protect them from temperatures well below freezing. Shedding is heaviest during the seasonal change, but brushing should be performed on a daily basis whenever possible.</p><h2>External links</h2><p></p><ul><li><a href="http://ilovemyshiba.com">I Love My Shiba, Shiba Inu puppies information and photos</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/shiba_inu/index.cfm">The American Kennel Club's page on the Shiba Inu</a></li><li><a href="http://www.shibas.org">Shibas.org National Shiba Club of America</a></li><li><a href="http://www.youpet.com/shiba-inu/">Shiba Inu Community</a></li><li><a href="http://www.shiba-puppies.com/">Shiba-Puppies.com - Living with (and loving) the misunderstood Shiba</a></li><li><a href="http://www.shibainus.ca">The Misanthropic Shiba</a></li><li><a href="http://www.shibashake.com/Doggie/shiba.htm">Shiba Inu Tips</a></li><li><a href="http://www.shibaweb.com">The Shiba Inu Home Page</a></li><li><a href="http://www.ustream.tv/channel/shiba-inu-puppy-cam">The Shiba Inu Puppy Cam</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sibainu-k.jp/">Joumon-Shiba-Inu Research Center</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.shiba.nl/">shiba.nl</a></li></ul><p><extension name='li'>

1049

516

false

Shiba Inu

false

<p> The is the smallest of the six original and distinct breeds of dog from Japan.</p>

2010-03-11T15:01:46-08:00

Toy

2009-07-23T16:42:48-07:00

<h2> History </h2><p>Folklore and archeological finds show that the breed originated in Mexico. The most common theory and most likely is that Chihuahuas are descended from the <em>Techichi</em>, a companion dog favoured by the Toltecs.</p><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/chihuahua-1"><img alt="Chihuahua 1" src="/images/Chihuahua/chihuahua-1-thumb.jpg?1249530747" title="Tan chihuahua" /></a><br />Tan chihuahua</div> There exist historical records of the <em>Techichi</em>, which were thought to hunt in packs. They can only be traced as far back as the ninth century but it is highly likely that this is the Chihuahua's native Mexican ancestor. Evidence of this is that the remains of dogs closely resembling, but slightly larger than the average Chihuahua have been found in such places as the Great Pyramid of Cholula, which dates back to the 2nd century BC and predates the 16th century. There is also evidence to suggest that the <em>Techichi</em> may also predate the Mayans. </p><p>The Toltecs were conquered by the Aztecs, who believed that the Techichi held mystical powers. They were used in religious ceremonies for the absolution of sins and to guide the spirits of the dead. Important members of every household kept the small dog, and it was killed and buried with him to guide him to the underworld.In terms of size, the present day Chihuahua is much smaller than its ancestors, a change thought to be due to the introduction of miniaturized Chinese dogs, such as the Chinese Crested Dog, into South America by the Spanish.</p><p>A progenitor of the breed was reputedly found in 1850 in old ruins near Casas Grandes in the Mexican state of Chihuahua from which the breed gets its name. The state borders with Texas, Arizona and New Mexico where Chihuahuas first rose to prominence and were further developed in the United States. Since that time, the Chihuahua has remained consistently popular as a breed, particularly in America when the breed was first recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1904. Genetic tests place the Chihuahua with other modern breeds originating in the 1800s.</p><h2> Description </h2><h3> Standards </h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/chihuahua-2-2"><img alt="Chihuahua 2" src="/images/Chihuahua/chihuahua-2-thumb.jpg?1249530748" title="A Chihuahua puppy" /></a><br />A Chihuahua puppy</div> Breed standards for this dog do not generally specify a height, only a weight and a description of their overall proportions. As a result, height varies more than within many other breeds. Generally, the height ranges between 6 and 10 inches at the withers. However, some dogs grow as tall as 12 to 15 inches.</p><p>Both British and American breed standards state that a Chihuahua must not weigh more than , however the British standard also states that a weight of 2 – 4 lbs is preferred and that if two dogs are equally good in type, the more diminutive or smaller is preferred. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standard calls for dogs ideally between , although smaller ones are acceptable in the show ring. However, pet-quality Chihuahuas (that is, those bred or purchased as companions rather than show dogs) can, and do, range above these weights, to , or even more if they have large bone structures or are allowed to become overweight. This does not mean, however, that they are not purebred Chihuahuas, it only means that they do not meet the requirements to enter a conformation show. Oversize Chihuahuas are seen in some of the best, and worst, bloodlines. Typically the breed standard for both the long and short coat chihuahua will be identical except for the description of the coat.</p><p>The two basic body types of purebred Chihuahuas are Apple headed or Deer headed. Characteristics of an Apple headed Chihuahua are short noses, an apple shaped head, and close- set eyes. On the other hand, Deer headed Chihuahuas have an elongated nose that resembles a Doberman Pinscher's; not shaped like an apple.</p><h3> Coat </h3><p>The Kennel Club (UK) and American Kennel Club (USA) only recognize two varieties of Chihuahua: the long-coat and the smooth-coat, also referred to as short-haired. They are genetically the same breed, although you will never find both in the same litter (unless the parents were different types to each other) and in many kennel clubs, including the KC and AKC, they are judged in separate categories. The term smooth-coat does not mean that the hair is necessarily smooth, as the hair can range from having a velvet touch to a whiskery feeling. Long-haired Chihuahuas are actually smoother to the touch, having soft, fine guard hairs and a downy undercoat, which gives them their fluffy appearance. Unlike many long-haired breeds, long-haired Chihuahuas require no trimming and minimal grooming. Contrary to popular belief, the long-haired breed also typically sheds less than their short-haired counterparts. It may take up to two or more years before a full long-haired coat develops.</p><h3> Colors </h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/chihuahua-3"><img alt="Chihuahua 3" src="/images/Chihuahua/chihuahua-3-thumb.jpg?1249530748" title="A tricolor Chihuahua" /></a><br />A tricolor Chihuahua</div> The AKC Chihuahua standard lists under color: "Any color-Solid, marked or splashed". This allows for all colors from solid blacks to solid whites, spotted, or a variety of other colors and patterns. A few examples are Fawn, Red, Cream, Chocolate, Blue, and Black. However, the UK Kennel Club decided in May 2007 not to register puppies with Merle coloration due to the health risks associated with the gene responsible, and in December of that year formally amended the Breed Standard to say "Any colour or mixture of colours but never merle (dapple)." Other countries' Kennel Clubs such as Canada and Australia have also disqualified Merle. However, in May 2008 the Chihuahua Club of America voted that merles will not be disqualified in the United States and they are fully registrable and able to compete in all AKC events.</p><p>Patterns, all with or without white markings, include:</p><ul><li>Sable</li><li>Irish spotting</li><li>Piebald spotting</li><li>Extreme black spotting</li><li>Brindle</li><li>Masks</li><li>Merle</li><li>Tan points</li><li>Black</li></ul><p>Classifying Chihuahua colors can be complicated due to the large number of possibilities. Examples would be a blue brindle or a chocolate and tan. Colors and patterns can combine and affect each other, resulting in a very high degree of variation. That said, the classic Chihuahua color remains fawn. No color or pattern is considered more valuable than the others, although blue is considered rare. Chihuahuas are not well-suited as small children's pets because of their size, temperament, and tendency to bite when frightened. It is recommended that children be school aged or older before adding a Chihuahua to one's home. Also, many Chihuahuas focus their devotion on one person, becoming overly jealous of that person's human relationships. This can be mitigated through socialization. Chihuahuas also tend to have a "clannish" nature, often preferring the companionship of other Chihuahuas over other dogs. Overall, chihuahuas are very playful and full of energy. They obey their owners but can act very different around strangers.</p><h2> Temperament </h2><p>Being naturally territorial and protective, Chihuahuas can be easily provoked to attack, and are therefore generally unsuitable for homes with small children, but not in all cases. The AKC describes the breed as, "A graceful, alert, swift-moving little dog with saucy expression, compact, and with terrier-like qualities of temperament." The breed tends to be fiercely loyal to one particular owner, but may be attached to more. They do not always get along with other breeds. These traits generally make them unsuitable for households with small or boisterous children.</p><p>Chihuahuas crave attention, affection and petting. They can be hyper, but eager to please. They have a reputation as a "yippy" dog, which can be resolved with proper training. Chihuahuas with proper breeding are not "yippy"; the AKC standard calls for "a terrier-like attitude." Long haired chihuahuas tend to have a more mellow temperament.</p><p>In southern California in 2009, three chihuahuas protected their master, a three year old girl, from a 100 pound mountain lion.</p><h2> Health disorders </h2><p>This breed requires expert veterinary attention in areas such as birthing and dental care. Chihuahuas are also prone to some genetic anomalies, often neurological ones, such as epilepsy and seizure disorders.</p><p>Chihuahuas, and other toy breeds, are also prone to the sometimes painful disease, hydrocephalus. It is often diagnosed by the puppy having an abnormally large head during the first several months of life, but other symptoms are more noticeable (since "a large head" is such a broad description). Chihuahua puppies exhibiting hydrocephalus usually have patchy skull platelets rather than a solid bone, and typically are lethargic and do not grow at the same pace as their siblings. A true case of hydrocephalus can be diagnosed by a veterinarian, though the prognosis is grim. <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/chihuahua-4"><img alt="Chihuahua 4" src="/images/Chihuahua/chihuahua-4-thumb.jpg?1249530749" title="thumb" /></a><br />thumb</div> Chihuahuas have moleras, or a soft spot in their skulls, and they are the only breed of dog to be born with an incomplete skull. The molera does fill in with age, but great care needs to be taken during the first six months until the skull is fully formed. Some moleras will not close completely over the lifespan of the dog and will require extra care to prevent injury. Many veterinarians are not familiar with Chihuahuas as a breed, and mistakenly confuse a molera with hydrocephalus. The Chihuahua Club of America has issued a statement regarding this often deadly misdiagnosis.</p><p>Chihuahuas can also be at risk for hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This is especially dangerous for puppies. Left unattended, hypoglycemia can lead to coma and death. This can be combated with frequent feedings (every 3 hours for very small or young puppies). Also Chihuahua owners should have a simple sugar supplement on hand to use in emergencies, such as, Nutri-Cal, Karo syrup or honey. These supplements can be rubbed on the gums and roof of the mouth to rapidly bring the blood sugar level up. Signs of hypoglycemia include: lethargy, sleepiness, low energy, uncoordinated walking, unfocused eyes and spasms of the neck muscles (or head pulling back or to the side).</p><p>Chihuahuas are also prone to eye infections or eye injury due to their large, round, protruding eyes and their relatively low ground clearance. Care should be taken to prevent visitors or children from poking the eyes. The eyes also water to remove dust or allergens that may get into the eye. Daily wiping will keep the eyes clean and prevent tear staining.</p><p>Chihuahuas also have a tendency to tremble but this is not a health issue, rather it takes place when the dog is stressed, excited or cold. One reason for this may be because small dogs have a higher metabolism than larger dogs and therefore dissipate heat faster. Due to this Chihuahuas often wear coats or sweaters when outside in the cold or in overly air-conditioned places. Chihuahuas often like to dig and snuggle down in blankets for sleeping.</p><p>Although figures often vary, as with any breed, the average lifespan range for a healthy Chihuahua is approximately 10 to 17 years of age.</p><p>Chihuahuas are sometimes picky eaters, and care must be taken to provide them with adequate nutrition. Chihuahuas could earn this reputation because they seem to find small unnoticed bits of food all day. Sometimes wet or fresh food can have the most appealing smell to these constant eaters. "They will eat when they are hungry" - does not apply here as Chihuahuas are prone to hypoglycemia and could be at a critical state if allowed to go too long without a meal. At the same time, care must be exercised not to overfeed them. Human food should be avoided. Due to their small size even tiny high fat or sugary treats can result in an overweight Chihuahua. Overweight Chihuahuas are susceptible to having an increased rate of joint injuries, tracheal collapse, chronic bronchitis, and shortened life span.</p><h2> See also </h2><ul><li>Companion dog</li><li>Companion Dog Group</li><li>Toy Group</li><li>Dogs in Mesoamerica</li><li>Chihuachshund or Chiweenie (crossbred with Dachshund)</li><li>Pompchy (crossbred with Pomeranian)</li></ul><h2> References </h2><p></p><h2> External links </h2><p></p><ul><li></li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> </p>

907

512

false

Chihuahua

true

Mexico</a> <strong>Life Span</strong> 10–17 years

<p></p><p> The <strong></strong> (es: <i>Chihuahueño</i>) is the smallest breed of dog in the world and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico.</p>

2010-03-11T12:12:26-08:00

2009-07-23T16:26:07-07:00

900

284

false

Pandikona

true

<p> The <strong>Pandikona</strong> is a primitive-type hunting dog from District of Kurnool in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.</p>

2010-03-11T10:36:34-08:00

Sporting

2009-07-23T16:42:51-07:00

<h2>History</h2><p>The Golden Retriever was originally developed in Scotland at "Guisachan" near Glen Affric, the highland estate of Sir Dudley Marjoribanks (pronounced "Marʒbanks"), later Baron Tweedmouth. For many years, there was controversy over which breeds were originally crossed. In 1952, the publication of Majoribanks' breeding records from 1835 to 1890 dispelled the myth concerning the purchase of a whole troupe of Russian sheepdogs from a visiting circus.</p><p>Improvements in guns during the 1800s resulted in more fowl being downed during hunts at greater distances and over increasingly difficult terrain. This led to more birds being lost in the field. Because of this improvement in firearms, a need for a specialist retriever arose as training setter and pointer breeds in retrieval was found to be ineffective. Thus work began on the breeding of the to fill this much needed role.</p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-1"><img alt="Golden Retriever 1" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-1-thumb.jpg?1249530752" title=" newborn Golden Retrievers" /></a><br /> newborn Golden Retrievers</div> The original cross was of a yellow-coloured Retriever, <em>Nous</em>, with a Tweed Water Spaniel female dog, <em>Belle</em>. The Tweed Water Spaniel is now extinct but was then common in the border country. Majoribanks had purchased Nous in 1865 from an unregistered litter of otherwise black wavy-coated retriever pups. In 1868, this cross produced a litter that included four pups; these four became the basis of a breeding program which included the Irish Setter, the sandy-colored Bloodhound, the St. John's Water Dog of Newfoundland, and two more wavy-coated black Retrievers. The bloodline was also inbred and selected for trueness to Majoribanks' idea of the ultimate hunting dog. His vision included a more vigorous and powerful dog than previous retrievers, one that would still be gentle and trainable. Russian sheepdogs are not mentioned in these records, nor are any other working dog breeds. The ancestry of the Golden Retriever is all sporting dogs, in line with Majoribanks' goals.</p><p>Golden Retrievers were first accepted for registration by the The Kennel Club of England in 1903, as <strong>Flat Coats - Golden</strong>. They were first exhibited in 1908, and in 1911 were recognized as a breed described as <strong>Retriever (Golden and Yellow)</strong>. In 1913, the Golden Retriever Club was founded. The breed name was officially changed to <strong>Golden Retriever</strong> in 1920.</p><p>The Honorable Archie Majoribanks took a Golden Retriever to Canada in 1881, and registered <em>Lady</em> with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1894. These are the first records of the breed in these two countries. The breed was first registered in Canada in 1927, and the Golden Retriever Club of Ontario, now the Golden Retriever Club of Canada, was formed in 1958. The co-founders of the GRCC were Cliff Drysdale, an Englishman who had brought over an English Golden and Jutta Baker, daughter in law of Louis Baker who owned Northland Kennels, possibly Canada's first kennel dedicated to Goldens. The AKC recognized the breed in 1925, and in 1938 the Golden Retriever Club of America was formed.<div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-2-2"><img alt="Golden Retriever 2" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-2-thumb.jpg?1249530756" title=" A golden retriever's coat after fetching in water" /></a><br /> A golden retriever's coat after fetching in water</div></p><h2>Appearance</h2><h3>British type</h3><p>Some variations do exist between the British type Golden Retrievers prevalent throughout Europe and Australia, and those of American lines and these differences are reflected in the breed standard. Its muzzle is wider and shorter, and its forehead is blockier. It has shorter legs, with a slightly deeper chest, and shorter tail. Its features make it generally heavier than the Canadian type. Males should be between 56–61 centimeters (22–24 in) at the withers and females slightly shorter at between 51–56 centimeters (20–22 in). Their weight, however, is not specified in the UK standard. The KC standard calls for a level topline and straight hindquarters without the slight rear angulation found in American lines. The eyes of the European type are noted for their roundness and darkness as contrasted with the triangular or slanted composition of their American counterparts. A Golden Retriever of British breeding can have a coat color of any shade of gold or cream; however, red or mahogany are not permissible colors. Originally cream was not an acceptable color in the UK standard; however, by 1936 the standard was revised to include cream. It was felt this exclusion was a mistake as the original "yellow" retrievers of the 19th century were lighter in color than the then current standard permitted. As with American lines, white is an unacceptable color in the show ring. The British KC standard is used in all countries with the exceptions of the US and Canada. Some breeders of this type in America may import their dogs to improve the temperament and health noted in those bloodlines . The incidence of cancer among English bloodlines is significantly less than is seen in the American lines.</p><h3>American type</h3><p>An American Golden is lankier and less stocky than a British Type. A male should stand 22–24 inch (58–61 cm) in height at the shoulders, and females should be 21.5–22.5 inch (55–57 cm). They range in weight from 65–75 lb for males and 55–65 lb for females. The coat is dense and water repellent, in various shades of lustrous gold, with moderate feathering. The gait should be free, smooth, powerful, and well-coordinated. <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-3"><img alt="Golden Retriever 3" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-3-thumb.jpg?1249530756" title="Golden Retriever, 8 month old puppy." /></a><br />Golden Retriever, 8 month old puppy.</div></p><h3>Canadian type</h3><p>The Canadian Golden Retriever is a newer type of Golden. Appearance is meant to be similar to the American type in height and weight, with a light coat color. Color is described as not as light as a British type, and not as dark as an American type. Field line Golden Retrievers tend to be smaller and have a less dense coat than their conformation line counterparts, and they are usually darker in color.</p><h3>Coat and color</h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-4"><img alt="Golden Retriever 4" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-4-thumb.jpg?1249530757" title="Golden Retrievers vary widely in color." /></a><br />Golden Retrievers vary widely in color.</div></p><p>As indicated by their name, their coat comes in light golden colors to dark golden colors. The coat is dense and waterproof, and may be straight or moderately wavy. It usually lies flat against the belly. The American Kennel Club (AKC) standard states that the coat is a "rich, lustrous golden of various shades", disallowing coats that are extremely light or extremely dark. This leaves the outer ranges of coat color up to a judge's discretion when competing in conformation shows. Therefore, "pure white" and "red" are unacceptable colors for the Golden coat. The Kennel Club (UK) also permits cream as an acceptable coat color. Judges may also disallow Goldens with pink noses, or those lacking pigment. The Golden's coat can also be of a mahogany color, referred to as "redheads", although this is not accepted in the British show ring. As a Golden grows older, its coat can become darker or lighter, along with a noticeable whitening of the fur on and around the muzzle. Puppy coats are usually much lighter than their adult coats, but a puppy with a darker colouration at the tips of the ears may indicate a darker adult color. A golden's coat should never be too long, as this may prove to be a disservice to them in the field, especially when retrieving game.</p><h2>Temperament</h2><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-5"><img alt="Golden Retriever 5" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-5-thumb.jpg?1249530758" title="Golden Retrievers were bred to retrieve from the water." /></a><br />Golden Retrievers were bred to retrieve from the water.</div> The temperament of the Golden Retriever is a hallmark of the breed and is described in the standard as "kindly, friendly and confident". They are not "one man dogs" and are generally equally amiable with both strangers and those familiar to them. Their trusting, gentle disposition therefore makes them a poor guard dog. Any form of unprovoked aggression or hostility towards either people, dogs or other animals, whether in the show ring or community, is completely unacceptable in a Golden Retriever and is not in keeping with the character of the breed and as such is considered a serious fault. Nor should a Golden Retriever be unduly timid or nervous. The typical Golden Retriever is calm, naturally intelligent and biddable, with an exceptional eagerness to please. </p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-6"><img alt="Golden Retriever 6" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-6-thumb.jpg?1249530759" title="Most Goldens need plenty of exercise, such as dog agility." /></a><br />Most Goldens need plenty of exercise, such as dog agility.</div> <div class="left"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-7"><img alt="Golden Retriever 7" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-7-thumb.jpg?1249530760" title="Golden retriever puppy jumping to catch a treat." /></a><br />Golden retriever puppy jumping to catch a treat.</div> Golden Retrievers are also noted for their intelligence and can learn up to roughly 240 commands, words and phrases. The Golden Retriever ranks fourth in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being one of the brightest dogs ranked by obedience command trainability. These dogs are also renowned for their patience with children. </p><p>By the time they reach maturity however, Goldens will have become active and fun-loving animals with the exceptionally patient demeanor befitting a dog bred to sit quietly for hours in a hunting blind. Adult Golden Retrievers love to work, and have a keen ability to focus on a given task. They will seemingly work until collapse, so care should be taken to avoid overworking them. </p><p>Other characteristics related to their hunting heritage are a size suited for scrambling in and out of boats and an inordinate love for water. Golden Retrievers are exceptionally trainable—due to their intelligence, athleticism and desire to please their handlers—and generally excel in obedience trials. In fact, the first AKC Obedience Trial Champion was a Golden Retriever. They are also very competitive in agility and other performance events. Harsh training methods are unnecessary as Golden Retrievers often respond very well to positive and upbeat training styles.</p><p>Golden Retrievers are compatible with children and adults and are good with other dogs, cats and most livestock. Golden Retrievers are particularly valued for their high level of sociability towards people, calmness, and willingness to learn. Because of this, they are commonly used as guide dogs, mobility assistance dogs, and search and rescue dogs. They are friendly and tend to learn tricks easily.</p><p>They are also known to become excellent surrogate mothers to different species. Kittens and even tiger cubs from zoos are well taken care of by golden retrievers. In some cases, a retriever may produce milk for its adopted even though it may not have been pregnant or nursing recently.</p><h2>Health</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-8"><img alt="Golden Retriever 8" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-8-thumb.jpg?1249530760" title="A golden retriever at 15 years old." /></a><br />A golden retriever at 15 years old.</div> The median life span for Golden Retrievers is approximately 10 to 12 years. They do very well in small living areas of at least 500 sq. feet. While the breed is recognized for its vitality, many retrievers are susceptible to specific ailments. A responsible breeder will proactively minimize the risk of illness by having the health of dogs in breeding pairs professionally assessed and selected on the basis of complementary traits.</p><p>Breeding Golden Retrievers can be profitable for puppy mills and backyard breeders. As a result of careless breeding for profit, Goldens are prone to genetic disorders and other diseases. Hip dysplasia is very common in the breed; when buying a puppy in the US the parents should be examined by the OFA or by PennHIP for hip disease.</p><h3>Common diseases</h3><ul><li>Cancer, the most common being hemangiosarcoma, followed by lymphosarcoma, mast cell tumor, and osteosarcoma. Cancer was the cause of death for 61.8% of American Goldens according to a 1998 health study conducted by the Golden Retriever Club of America, making it the breed's biggest killer.</li><li>Hip and elbow dysplasia.</li><li>Eye diseases, including cataracts (the most common eye disease in Goldens), progressive retinal atrophy, glaucoma, distichiasis, entropion, corneal dystrophy and retinal dysplasia</li><li>Heart , especially subvalvular aortic stenosis and cardiomyopathy.</li><li>Joint diseases, including patella luxation, osteochondritis, panosteitis, and cruciate ligament rupture.</li><li>Skin diseases, with allergies (often leading to acute moist dermatitis or "hot spots"), particularly flea allergies, being most common. Others include seborrhea, sebaceous adenitis, and lick granuloma.</li><li>Haemophilia</li><li>Lyme Disease is unseen until the late stages of kidney failure also in a Golden Retriever.</li></ul><p><a href="http://www.topgoldenretrieversites.net/cgi-bin/database/db.cgi?tbl=Longevity">Longevity statistics for the breed</a></p><h2>Activities</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-9"><img alt="Golden Retriever 9" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-9-thumb.jpg?1249530761" title="A Golden Retriever Dock Jumping" /></a><br />A Golden Retriever Dock Jumping</div> The Golden Retriever's eagerness to please has made them consistent, top performers in the obedience and agility rings. Plus with their excellent swimming ability they are great at dock jumping. Their natural retrieving ability also sees them excel in flyball and field trials.</p><p>The first three dogs ever to achieve the AKC Obedience Champion title were Golden Retrievers; the first of the three was a female named Ch. Moreland's Golden Tonka.</p><h2>Famous Golden Retrievers</h2><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/golden-retriever-10"><img alt="Golden Retriever 10" src="/images/Golden Retriever/golden-retriever-10-thumb.jpg?1249530762" title="Gerald Ford and Liberty in 1974 in the Oval Office" /></a><br />Gerald Ford and Liberty in 1974 in the Oval Office</div></p><ul><li>Abbey, pet of Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd</li><li>Bonnie, as seen on <em>Blue Peter</em></li><li>Brandon, companion of Punky Brewster</li><li>Brinkley, in <em>You've Got Mail</em></li><li>Buddy in <em>Air Bud</em> and its sequels</li><li>Charlie the Wonderdog from the Australian television series <em>The Late Show</em></li><li>Chuutaro from Futari wa Pretty Cure</li><li>Chase, mascot of the Trenton Thunder minor league baseball team</li><li>Comet from <em>Full House</em></li><li>Daisy "The Dooze", pet of writer Bill Simmons </li><li>Digby from <em>Pushing Daisies</em></li><li>Doppler on 11 Alive News and weather dog of Paul Ossma.</li><li>Dug from Up</li><li>Duke from Bush's Baked Beans commercials</li><li>Einstein from Dean Koontz's <em>Watchers</em></li><li>Elvis, owned by Jonas Brother <em>Nick Jonas</em></li><li>Fluke, from the 1995 movie <em>Fluke</em></li><li>Goldie, as seen on <em>Blue Peter</em></li><li>Grover, from the 1994 independent film <em>Dog Disaster</em></li><li>Hunter from Road Rovers</li><li>J.D. from <em>Dead Like Me</em></li><li>Levi from <em>Sue Thomas: F.B. Eye</em></li><li>Liberty, pet of Gerald Ford and Betty Ford</li><li>Lucy, as seen on <em>Blue Peter</em></li><li>Luke, Layla and Gracie, Oprah Winfrey's three golden retrievers.</li><li>Max the blogging Golden Retriever featured on CNN.com</li><li>Mel and his mother Lenny from <em>Ginga Densetsu Weed</em></li><li>Napoleon from movie <em>Napoleon</em></li><li>Purin from Sanrio</li><li>Rafe the Sleeper from Alabama</li><li>Shadow from <em>Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey</em> and <em>Homeward Bound II</em></li><li>Shelby aka Krypto from <em>Smallville</em></li><li>Speedy from The Drew Carey Show</li><li>Star owned by Pamela Anderson appeared in the TV show Baywatch</li><li>Sundance from <em>Click</em></li><li>Trixie Koontz a retired service dog who died on June 30, 2007, purported author of <em>Life is Good: Lessons in Joyful Living</em> and <em>Christmas is Good</em>, companion of Dean Koontz</li></ul><h2>External links</h2><p></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/golden_retriever/">American Kennel Club breed profile</a></li><li><a href="http://www.goldenretriever83.fr/">Information about the Golden Retriever</a></li><li><a href="http://www.goldenretrieverfoundation.org/">Golden Retriever Foundation</a> - GRCA's foundation to study diseases, genetic defects, injuries and other ailments that afflict Golden Retrievers.</li><li><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/2071241/Golden-Retriever-Origin-and-History">Golden Retriever origin and history</a></li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> zh-yue:金毛尋回犬 </p>

883

513

true

Golden Retriever

false

(Scotland)

<p> The <strong>Golden Retriever</strong> is a breed of dog, historically developed as a gundog to retrieve shot waterfowl and upland game during hunting. As such they were bred to have a soft mouth to retrieve game undamaged and an instinctive love of water. Their intelligence and versatility sees them employed in a variety of roles including illegal drug detection, search and rescue, as hunting dogs and as guide dogs. Its friendly, eager-to-please and patient demeanor has made it one of the most popular family dogs (by registration) in the world. </p>

2010-03-11T10:41:30-08:00

Herding\guardian Alsatian<br />Berger Allemand<br />Deutscher Schäferhund<br />GSD<br />Schäferhund

60 - 65 cm

7 - 10 years

30 - 40 kg

See Description section below Most commonly black and tan

2008-07-08T14:56:27-07:00

<h2> History </h2><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-1"><img alt="German Shepherd 1" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-1-thumb.jpg?1249530947" title="Horand von Grafrath; the first German Shepherd Dog pictured with Max von Stephanitz; the creator of the breed." /></a><br />Horand von Grafrath; the first German Shepherd Dog pictured with Max von Stephanitz; the creator of the breed.</div></p><h3> Origins </h3><p>In Europe, during the 1800s, attempts were being made to standardize breeds. The dogs were bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting flocks from predators. In Germany this was practiced within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs that they believed had traits necessary for herding sheep, such as intelligence, strength, and keen senses of smell. The results were dogs that were able to perform admirably in their task, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.</p><p>To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised dog breeds in Germany. The society disbanded after only three years due to an ongoing, internal conflict regarding the traits that the society should promote; some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance. While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.</p><p>Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was one such ex-member. He believed strongly that dogs should be bred for working.</p><p>In 1899, Von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named <em>Hektor Linksrhein</em>. Hektor was the product of many generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what Von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence and loyalty, that he purchased it immediately. After purchasing the dog he changed its name to Horand von Grafrath and Von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for the German Shepherd Dog). Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.</p><p>Horand became the centre-point of the society's breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits. Although fathering many pups, Horand's most successful was <em>Hektor von Schwaben</em>. Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced <em>Beowulf</em>, who later fathered a total of eighty-four pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring. Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to Von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.</p><h3> Popularity </h3><p>When the UK Kennel Club first accepted registrations for the breed in 1919, fifty-four dogs were registered, and by 1926 this number had grown to over 8,000. The breed first gained international recognition at the decline of World War I after returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed, and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further. The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was <em>Queen of Switzerland</em>; however, her offspring suffered from defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to suffer a decline in popularity during the late 1920s. Popularity increased again after the German Shepherd <em>Sieger Pfeffer von Bern</em> became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to suffer another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment of the time. As time progressed, their popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States, a position the breed still holds. Additionally, the breed is typically among the most popular in other registries.</p><h3> Name </h3><p>The breed was named <em>Deutscher Schäferhund</em> by Von Stephanitz, literally translating to "German Shepherd Dog". The breed was so named due its original purpose of assisting shepherds in herding and protecting sheep. At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as <em>Altdeutsche Schäferhunde</em> or Old German Shepherd Dogs. Shepherds were first exported to Britain in 1908, and the UK Kennel Club began to recognise the breed in 1919.</p><p>The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the official breed registry; however, at the conclusion of World War I, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity, due to the anti-German sentiment of the era. The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog" which was also adopted by many other international kennel clubs. Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped. The name Alsatian remained for five decades, until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherd Dogs.</p><h3> Modern breed </h3><p>The modern German Shepherd is criticised for straying away from von Stephanitz's original ideology for the breed: that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs, and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly. Critics believe that careless breeding has promoted disease and other defects. Under the breeding programs overseen by von Stephanitz, defects were quickly bred out; however, in modern times without regulation on breeding, genetic problems such as colour-paling, hip dysplasia, monorchidism, weakness of temperament, and missing teeth are common, as well as bent or folded ears which never fully turn up when reaching adulthood.</p><h2> Description </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-2-2"><img alt="German Shepherd 2" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-2-thumb.jpg?1249530948" title="A close-up of a German Shepherd's face showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes" /></a><br />A close-up of a German Shepherd's face showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes</div></p><p>German Shepherds are a large-breed dog which generally are between 55 and 65 cms. The ideal height is , according to Kennel Club standards. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle and a black nose. The jaws are strong, with a scissor-like bite. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent, and self-assured look. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.</p><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-3"><img alt="German Shepherd 3" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-3-thumb.jpg?1249530949" title="A solid black German Shepherd" /></a><br />A solid black German Shepherd</div> German Shepherds can be a variety of colours, the most common of which are the tan/black and red/black varieties. Both varieties have black masks and saddles. Rarer variations include the sable, all-black, all-white, liver and blue varieties. The all-black variety is acceptable; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification in some standards. This is because the white coat is more visible, making the dog a poor guard dog, and harder to see in conditions such as snow or when herding sheep.</p><p>German Shepherds sport a double coat. The outer coat, which is shed all year round, is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants; medium and long. The long-hair gene is recessive, making the long-hair variety rarer. Treatment of the long-hair variation differs across standards; they are accepted under the German and UK Kennel Clubs but are considered a fault in the American Kennel Club.</p><h3> Intelligence </h3><p>Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence, a trait for which they are now renowned. They are considered to be the third most intelligent breed of dog, behind Border Collies and Poodles. In the book <em>The Intelligence of Dogs</em>, author Stanley Coren ranked the breed third for intelligence. He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions and obeyed the first command given 95% of the time. Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard, and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other large breeds.</p><h3> Aggression </h3><p>German Shepherds have a reputation for aggression and have been banned in some jurisdictions as a result. In the United States, German Shepherds are responsible for more random bitings than any other breed, and have a known tendency to attack smaller breeds of dogs. Reports have found that statistically German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person. Another report found that German Shepherds accounted for almost half of the dog bites that required medical attention. These claims have been refuted on the basis that German Shepherds represent a higher proportion of the population than other breeds. However, reports indicate that Shepherds are over-represented when the statistics take into account the difference in population.</p><h2> Temperament </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-4"><img alt="German Shepherd 4" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-4-thumb.jpg?1249530950" title="German Shepherds bond well with children they are familiar with" /></a><br />German Shepherds bond well with children they are familiar with</div> German Shepherds are highly active dogs, and described in breed standards as self-assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. Shepherds have a loyal nature and bond well with people they know. However, they can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly. An aloof personality makes them approachable, but not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly obedient and not easily distracted, but due to their strong self-will must be trained by "a firm hand".</p><h2> Health </h2><p>Many common ailments of the German Shepherds are a result of the inbreeding required early in the breed's creation. One such common issue is hip and elbow dysplasia which may lead to the dog experiencing pain in later life, and may cause arthritis. Due to the large and open nature of their ears, Shepherds also are prone to ear infections. German Shepherds, like all large bodied dogs, also are prone to bloat.</p><p>The average lifespan of a German Shepherd is 7 - 10 years, which is normal for a dog of their size. Also according to a study done by R.M. Clemmons, DVM PhD who is a Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at the University of Florida, Degenerative Myelopathy, or DM is a neurological disease that occurs with enough regularity specifically in the the breed to suggest the disease is one that is genetically predisposed in German Shepherd Dogs. Additionally, German Shepherd Dogs have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand Disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder.</p><h2> Use as working dogs </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-5"><img alt="German Shepherd 5" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-5-thumb.jpg?1249530951" title="Urban Search and Rescue Task Force dog works to uncover survivors at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks" /></a><br />Urban Search and Rescue Task Force dog works to uncover survivors at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks</div></p><p>German Shepherds are a very popular selection for use as working dogs. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas, and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. Usually trained for scout duty, they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards. German Shepherds also have been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft.</p><p>The German Shepherd Dog is one of the most widely-used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection, and mine detection dog, amongst others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.</p><h2> In popular culture </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/german-shepherd-6"><img alt="German Shepherd 6" src="/images/German Shepherd/german-shepherd-6-thumb.jpg?1249530952" title="Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars" /></a><br />Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars</div> German Shepherds have featured in a range of media. Strongheart the German Shepherd was one of the earliest canine film stars and was followed by Rin Tin Tin, who is now acclaimed as being the most famous German Shepherd. Both are credited with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.</p><p>German Shepherds have played central parts in a number of recent films, including <em>K-9</em> (which featured a real police-dog, Koton), <em>The Hills Have Eyes</em> and <em>I am Legend</em>. Blondi, Adolf Hitler's German Shepherd, has been featured in a number of documentaries and films about the dictator, such as <em>Downfall</em>. The Austrian police drama series <em>Inspector Rex</em> centres around a highly intelligent German Shepherd.</p><p>Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955, through 1964. Between 1964 and 1977, his appearances were sporadic. </p><h2> Notes </h2><p><div class="references-small"> <strong>a.</strong> Named after the German-French border, Alsace-Lorraine.</p><p><strong>b.</strong> The first standard of the German Shepherd Dog Society, written by von Stephanitz said "A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question ... German Shepherd breeding is working dog breeding, or it is not German Shepherd breeding" </div></p><h2> References </h2><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><ul><li></li></ul><h2> Citations </h2><p></p><h2> External links </h2><p></p><ul><li></li><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/german_shepherd_dog/index.cfm">A.K.C. German Shepherd Dog</a> - The American Kennel club description of the German Shepherd Dog.</li><li><a href="http://www.schaeferhund.de">Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V.</a> - The Deutsche Schäferhunde, the original registrar of the German Shepherd Dog.</li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>

874

false

5-10

German Shepherd

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<p></p><p>The <strong>German Shepherd Dog</strong> (<strong>GSD</strong>, also known as an <strong>Alsatian</strong>), (de: <i>Deutscher Schäferhund</i>) is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany. German Shepherds are a relatively new breed of dog, whose origins date to 1899. As part of the Herding group, the German Shepherd is a working dog developed originally for herding sheep. Because of their strength, intelligence and abilities in obedience training they are often employed in police and military roles, in forces around the world. Due to their loyal and protective nature the German Shepherd is one of the most registered of breeds.</p>

2010-03-11T15:26:16-08:00

Hound , Doxie (US), Dackel or Teckel (GER, FR), wiener dog/hotdog (US), sausage dog (UK/US/AUS/NZ), Worshond, Weenie Dog (US) (S.A.)

2008-07-09T17:46:41-07:00

<h2> Characteristics </h2><h3> Appearance </h3><p>The typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular. They are also known for their short and stubby legs. Their paws are unusually large and paddle-shaped, for efficient digging. Their skin is loose so that it will not tear as the dog tunnels down into tight burrows. The dachshund has a deep chest to allow enough lung capacity to keep going when hunting. Their noses are long to increase the area that absorbs odors.</p><p>There are three types, classified by their coats: short-haired, called "smooth", long-haired and wire-haired. </p><h4> Size </h4><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-1"><img alt="Dachshund 1" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-1-thumb.jpg?1249530733" title="A standard long-haired dachshund (left) and miniature short-haired dachshund (right)" /></a><br />A standard long-haired dachshund (left) and miniature short-haired dachshund (right)</div> Dachshunds come in three sizes: standard, miniature, and <em>kaninchen</em>, which means <em>rabbit</em>. Although the standard and miniature sizes are recognized almost universally, the rabbit size is not recognized by clubs in the United States and the United Kingdom, but is recognized by all of the clubs within the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation) (FCI), which contain kennel clubs from 83 countries all over the world. </p><p>A full-grown standard dachshund averages to , while the miniature variety normally weighs less than . The kaninchen weighs to . According to kennel club standards, the miniature (and kaninchen, where recognized) differs from the full-size only by size and weight, thus offspring from miniature parents must never weigh more than the miniature standard to be considered a miniature as well. While many kennel club size divisions use weight for classification, such as the American Kennel Club, other kennel club standards determine the difference between the miniature and standard by chest circumference; some kennel clubs, such as in Germany, even measure chest circumference in addition to height and weight.</p><p>H. L. Mencken said that "A dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half long," although they have been referred to as "two dogs long". This characteristic has led them to be quite a recognizable breed, and they are featured in many a joke and cartoon, particularly <em>The Far Side</em> by Gary Larson.</p><h4>Coat and color</h4><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-2-2"><img alt="Dachshund 2" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-2-thumb.jpg?1249530734" title="Black and tan double dapple smooth-haired miniature dachshund with one blue eye and one brown eye" /></a><br />Black and tan double dapple smooth-haired miniature dachshund with one blue eye and one brown eye</div> Dachshunds exhibit three coat varieties: smooth coat (short hair), long hair, and wire-hair. Wire hair is the least commonly seen coat in the US (it is the most common in Germany) and the most recent coat to appear in breeding standards. Many people are unfamiliar with wire-hairs and commonly mistake them for other breeds.</p><p>Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns. They can be single-colored, single colored with spots ("dappled"—called "merle" in other dog breeds), and single-colored with tan points plus any pattern. Dachshunds also come in Piebald. The piebald has a white background with various shades of brown. The dominant color is red, the most common along with black and tan. Two-colored dogs can be black, wild boar, chocolate, or fawn ("Isabella") with tan "points", or markings over the eyes, ears, paws, and tail, of tan or cream. A two-colored dachshund would be called by its dominant color first followed by the point color, such as "black and tan" or "chocolate and cream". Other patterns include piebald, in which a white pattern is imposed upon the base color or any other pattern, and a lighter "boar" red. The reds range from coppers to deep rusts, with or without somewhat common black hairs peppered along the back, tail, face, and ear edges, lending much character and an almost burnished appearance; this is referred to among breeders and enthusiasts as a "stag" or an "overlay" or "sable". True sable is a dachshund with each single hair banded with three colors: light at the base of the hair, red in the middle, black at the end. An additional, striking coat marking is the brindle pattern. "Brindle" refers to dark stripes over a solid background, usually red; if a dachshund is brindled on a dark coat and has tan points, you will see brindling on the tan points only. Even one single, lone stripe of brindle is brindle. If a dachshund has one single spot of dapple, it is a dapple.</p><p>Solid black and solid chocolate dachshunds occur and, even though dogs with such coloration are often considered handsome, the colors are nonstandard, that is, the dogs are frowned upon in the conformation ring in the US and Canada. Chocolate is commonly confused with dilute red. Additionally, according to the conformation judges of the Dachshund Club of America (DCA) and the American Kennel Club (AKC) the piebald pattern is nonstandard. However, The Piebald dachshund can still be shown, the ONLY disqualifying Fault in Dachshunds is Knuckling over. While some judges choose to dismiss a dog of color, many choose to judge them and those who are actually judging the dog will look past the cosmetic color of a dog and judge the conformation of the dog FIRST. There were several Piebald dachshunds that became AKC Champions in 2008. All things being equal between the dogs in the ring, the traditional colors which are listed in the Official AKC Standard (governed by DCA) should be visibly listed.</p><p>Light-colored dachshunds can sport amber, light brown, or green eyes; however, kennel club standards state that the darker the eye color, the better. They can also have eyes of two different colors; however, this is only found in dapple and double dapple dachshunds. Dachshunds can have a blue and a brown eye. Blue eyes, partially blue eyes, or a blue eye and a brown eye are called "wall" coloring, not considered a non-desirable trait in kennel club standards. The standard was changed by the DCA in 2007 to exclude the wording double-dapple from the standard and strictly use the wording dapple. The reason is that the double merle gene is linked to blindness and deafness. Wall-eye is permissible. Piebald-patterned dachshunds will never have blue in their eyes, unless the dapple pattern is present.</p><h3>Temperament</h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-3"><img alt="Dachshund 3" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-3-thumb.jpg?1249530734" title="A long-haired standard dachshund" /></a><br />A long-haired standard dachshund</div> Dachshunds are playful, known for their propensity for chasing small animals, birds, and tennis balls with great determination and ferocity. Many dachshunds are stubborn, making them a challenge to train. Several quotes have been recorded regarding the training of dachshunds; one is from E. B. White:<extension name='blockquote'>"Being the owner of dachshunds, to me a book on dog discipline becomes a volume of inspired humor. Every sentence is a riot. Some day, if I ever get a chance, I shall write a book, or warning, on the character and temperament of the dachshund and why he can't be trained and shouldn't be. I would rather train a striped zebra to balance an Indian club than induce a dachshund to heed my slightest command. When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes. He even disobeys me when I instruct him in something he wants to do."<ref></ref> <ref></ref></extension> They have a loud bark, making dachshunds good watchdogs. Dachshunds are known for their devotion and loyalty to their owners, though they can be standoffish towards strangers. If left alone, many dachshunds will whine until they have companionship. Like many dogs if left alone too frequently, some dachshunds are prone to separation anxiety and may chew objects in the house to relieve stress. They rank 49th in Stanley Coren's <em>Intelligence of Dogs</em>, being of average working and obedience intelligence. The dachshund will, in some cases, show above-average intelligence, being able to break out of improperly made cages or figuring out how to get their favorite blanket out of a basket.</p><p>According to the American Kennel Club’s breed standards, "the dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a serious fault." Their temperament and body language give the impression that they do not know or care about their relatively small size. Like many small hunting dogs, they will challenge a larger dog. Indulged dachshunds may become snappy.</p><p>The dachshund's temperament may vary greatly from dog to dog. Long-haired dachshunds have a calmer, intelligent character inherited from the spaniel. Wire-haired dachshunds have much of the terrier's spunky personality. </p><p>Many dachshunds do not like unfamiliar people, and many will growl or bark at them. Although the dachshund is generally an energetic dog, some are sedate. This dog's behavior is such that it is not the dog for everyone. A bored dachshund will become destructive. If raised improperly and not socialized at a young age, dachshunds can become aggressive or fearful. They require a caring owner who understands their need to have entertainment and exercise. The best way to prevent future anxiety or stress is to take your Dachshund with you to public places, such as parks, or just running errands. The more socialized your Dachshund is with people and other dogs, the better off it will be around strangers in the future. Although some might say Dachshunds may not be the best pets for small children, like any smaller breed dog they need the proper introduction at a young age. Otherwise they may be aggressive and bite an unfamiliar child, especially one that moves quickly around them. However, many Dachshunds are very tolerant and loyal to children within their family, but these children should be mindful of the vulnerability of the breed's back and not carry them around roughly.</p><p>A 2008 University of Pennsylvania study of 6,000 dog owners who were interviewed indicated that dogs of smaller breeds were more likely to be "genetically predisposed towards aggressive behaviour". Dachshunds were rated the most aggressive, with 20% having bitten strangers, as well as high rates of attacks on other dogs and their owners. The study noted that attacks by small dogs were unlikely to cause serious injuries and because of this were probably under-reported.</p><h2> Health </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-4"><img alt="Dachshund 4" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-4-thumb.jpg?1249530736" title="Wire-haired dachshund" /></a><br />Wire-haired dachshund</div> The breed is known to have spinal problems, especially intervertebral disk disease (IVDD), due in part to an extremely long spinal column and short rib cage. The risk of injury may be worsened by obesity, jumping, rough handling, or intense exercise, which place greater strain on the vertebrae. </p><p>Treatment consists of various combinations of crate confinement and courses of anti-inflammatory medications (steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like carprofen and meloxicam), or chronic pain medications, like tramadol. Serious cases may require surgery to remove the troublesome disk contents. A dog may need the aid of a cart to get around if paralysis occurs.</p><p>A new minimally invasive procedure called "percutaneous laser disk ablation" has been developed at the Oklahoma State University Veterinary Hospital. Originally, the procedure was used in clinical trials only on dachshunds that had suffered previous back incidents. Since dachshunds are prone to back issues, the goal is to expand this treatment to dogs in a normal population.</p><p>In addition to back problems, the breed is also prone to patellar luxation.</p><p>In some double dapples, there are varying degrees of vision and hearing loss, including reduced or absent eyes. Not all double dapples have problems with their eyes and/or ears, which may include degrees of hearing loss, full deafness, malformed ears, congenital eye defects, reduced or absent eyes, partial or full blindness, or varying degrees of both vision and hearing problems; but heightened problems can occur due to the genetic process in which two dapple genes cross, particularly in certain breeding lines. Dapple genes, which are dominant genes, are considered "dilution" genes, meaning whatever color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly; two dominant "dilution" genes can cancel each other out, or "cross", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially a white mutation. When this happens genetically within the eyes or ears, this white mutation can be lethal to their development, causing hearing or vision problems.</p><p>Other dachshund health problems include hereditary epilepsy, granulomatous meningoencephalitis, dental issues, Cushings disease, thyroid problems, various allergies and atopies, and various eye conditions including cataracts, glaucoma, progressive retinal atrophy, corneal ulcers, nonucerative corneal disease, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Since the occurrence and severity of these health problems is largely hereditary, breeders are working to eliminate these characteristics.</p><h2> History </h2><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-5"><img alt="Dachshund 5" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-5-thumb.jpg?1249530740" title="thumb" /></a><br />thumb</div></p><p>Some writers and daschund experts have theorized that the early roots of the dachshund go back to ancient Egypt, where engravings were made featuring short-legged hunting dogs. Recent discoveries by the American University in Cairo of mummified dachshund-like dogs from ancient Egyptian burial urns may lend credibility to this theory. But in its modern incarnation, the dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers. Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed. They were originally bred for hunting badgers by trailing by scent.</p><p>The first verifiable references to the dachshund, originally named the "<strong>Dachs Kriecher</strong>" ("badger crawler") or "<strong>Dachs Krieger</strong>" ("badger warrior"), came from books written in the early 1700s. Prior to that, there exist references to "badger dogs" and "hole dogs", but these likely refer to purposes rather than to specific breeds. The original German dachshunds were larger than the modern full-size variety, weighing between 30 and 40 lbs, and originally came in straight-legged and crook-legged varieties (the modern dachshund is descended from the latter). Though the breed is famous for its use in exterminating badgers and badger-baiting, dachshunds were also commonly used for rabbit and fox hunting, for locating wounded deer, and in packs were known to hunt game as large as wild boar and as fierce as the wolverine.</p><p>There are huge differences of opinion as to when dachshunds were specifically bred for their purpose of badger hunting, as the American Kennel Club states the dachshund was bred in the 15th century, while the Dachshund Club of American states that foresters bred the dogs in the 18th or 19th century.</p><p> Double-dapple dachshunds, which are prone to eye disease, blindness, or hearing problems, are generally believed to have been introduced to the United States between 1879 and 1885.</p><p>The flap-down ears and famous curved tail of the dachshund have deliberately been bred into the dog. In the case of the ears, this is so that grass seeds, dirt, and other matter do not enter the ear canal. The curved tail is dual-purposed: to be seen more easily in long grass and, in the case of burrowing dachshunds, to help haul the dog out if it becomes stuck in a burrow. The smooth-haired dachshund, the oldest style, may be a cross between the German Shorthaired Pointer, a Pinscher, and a Bracke (a type of bloodhound), or to have been produced by crossing a short Bruno Jura Hound with a pinscher. Others believe it was a cross from a miniature French pointer and a pinscher; others claim that is was developed from the St. Hubert Hound, also a bloodhound, in the 1700s, and still others believe that they were descended from Basset Hounds, based upon their scent abilities and general appearance.</p><p>What is clear, however, that no one seems to know for sure. According to William Loeffler, from <em> The American Book of the Dog (1891)</em>, in the chapter on Dachshunds:<em>"The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed."</em> What can be agreed on, however, is that the short haired dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.</p><p>There are two theories regarding how the standard longhair dachshund came about. One theory is that smooth Dachshunds would occasionally produce puppies which had slightly longer hair than their parents. By selectively breeding these animals, breeders eventually produced a dog which consistently produced longhair offspring, and the longhair dachshund was born. Another theory is that the standard longhair dachshund was developed by breeding smooth dachshunds with various land and water spaniels. The long-haired dachshund may be a cross among any of the small dog breeds in the spaniel group, including the German Stoberhund, and the smooth-haired dachshund.</p><p>The wire-haired dachshund, the last to develop, was created in late nineteenth century. There is a possiblilty the wire-haired dachshund was a cross between the smooth dachshund and various hard-coated terriers and wire-haired pinschers, such as the Schnauzer, the Dandie Dinmont Terrier, the German Wirehaired Pointer, or perhaps the Scottish Terrier. </p><h2>Symbol of Germany</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/dachshund-6"><img alt="Dachshund 6" src="/images/Dachshund/dachshund-6-thumb.png?1249530742" title="Waldi, the mascot of the 1972 Summer Olympic Games" /></a><br />Waldi, the mascot of the 1972 Summer Olympic Games</div></p><p>Dachshunds have traditionally been viewed as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dachshund to ridicule Germany. During World War I the dachshunds' popularity in the United States plummeted because of this association and there are even anecdotes such as a Dachshund being stoned to death on the high street of Berkhamstead, England at this time because of its association with the enemy. The stigma of the association was revived to a lesser extent during World War II, though it was comparatively short-lived. German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was known for keeping dachshunds. </p><p>Due to the association of the breed with Germany, the dachshund was chosen to be the first official mascot for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, with the name Waldi.</p><h2>Sports</h2><p>Some people train and enter their dachshund to compete in dachshund racing, such as the Wiener Nationals. Several races across the United States routinely draw several thousand attendees, including races in Buda, Texas; Davis, California;Phoenix, Arizona; Los Alamitos, California; Findlay, Ohio; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Kansas City, Kansas; Palo Alto, California; and Shakopee, Minnesota. There is also an annual dachshund run in Kennywood Park, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, called the Wiener 100, and in Huntington, West Virginia called the Dachshund Dash. Despite the popularity of these events, the Dachshund Club of America opposes "wiener racing", as many greyhound tracks use the events to draw large crowds to their facilities. The DCA also is worried about potential injuries to dogs, due to their predisposition to back injuries. Another favorite sport is earthdog trials, in which dachshunds enter tunnels with dead ends and obstacles attempting to locate an artificial bait or live but caged and protected rats. </p><h2> <em>Dackel</em> versus <em>Teckel</em></h2><p>In Germany, dachshunds are widely called <em>Dackel</em> (both singular and plural). To be classified as a full <em>Teckel</em>, these dogs must undergo blood tracking tests. Classically, any dog of <em>Dackel</em> heritage is given an official tattoo upon one ear. After suitable training, the dog must then follow a blood trail that is at least 48 hours old successfully to its conclusion. Once this is completed, another tattoo is marked on the other ear to denote full <em>Teckel</em> rank. <em>Teckel</em>, whether tattooed or not, are bred for hunting purposes, and they tend to be visibly larger in their chests than their <em>Dackel</em> counterparts, though marginally shorter in length.</p><h2>Popularity</h2><p>Dachshunds are popular pets in the United States, ranking seventh in the 2008 AKC registration statistics. They are popular with urban and apartment dwellers, ranking among the top ten most popular breeds in 76 of 190 major US cities surveyed by the AKC. One will find varying degrees of organized local dachshund clubs in most major American cities, including New York, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The breed is popular in Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Japan. Dachshunds are famous for their peculiar size, body, and face.</p><h2>In popular culture</h2><p></p><ul><li>William Randolf Hearst was an avid lover of dachshunds. When his own dachshund Helena died, he eulogized her in his "In The News" column. </li><li>Fred, E.B. White's dachshund, appeared in many of his famous essays.</li><li>Lola bean is a black dachshund who has starred in many motion pictures, but is much more notably known for her vast awards and honors she has received for being one of the first dachshunds to function as a seeing eye dog. </li><li>A collection of Gary Larson's <em>Far Side</em> cartoons was published in the 1990 book <em>Wiener Dog Art</em>. A special section was inserted that chronicled the presence and influence of dachshunds throughout the history of art.</li><li>Lump, the pet of Pablo Picasso, who was thought to have inspired some of his artwork. (Pronounced: loomp; German for "Rascal") Picasso & Lump: A Dachshund's Odyssey tells the story of Picasso and Lump.</li><li>Kevin Smith has a dachshund named Shecky.</li><li>Jack Ruby the killer of U.S. President John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald had a dachshund named Sheba who he often referred to as his wife. At the time he committed his infamous murder, he had four of them - although he'd had as many as ten.</li><li>Andy Warhol had a pair of dachshunds, Archie and Amos, whom he depicted in his paintings and mentioned frequently in his diaries.</li><li>Stanley and Boodgie, immortalized on canvas by owner David Hockney, and published in the book <em>David Hockney's Dog Days</em>.</li><li>Howie in the Bunnicula books</li><li>Wadl and Hexl, Kaiser Wilhelm II's famous ferocious pair. Upon arriving at Archduke Franz Ferdinand's country seat, château Konopiste, on a semi-official visit, they promptly proceeded to do away with one of the Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive's priceless golden pheasants, thereby almost causing an international incident</li><li>Senta, Kaiser Wilhelm II's companion during World War I and his exile to Huis Doorn. Senta died in 1927 at age 20 and is buried in the park of Huis Doorn, near the Kaiser's grave.</li><li>Hot Dog in renegade <em>Krypto the Superdog</em></li><li>Schatzi (German for "little treasure") in <em>That '70s Show</em></li><li>Itchy Itchiford in <em>All Dogs Go to Heaven</em></li><li>Boots in <em>Emergency!</em></li><li>Dennis the Dachshund, a German sausage dog in the BBC's Children's Hour radio serial Toy Town, a scheming ne'er do well who spoke English with a German accent.</li><li>Little Dog in <em>2 Stupid Dogs</em></li><li>Slinky in <em>Toy Story</em> and <em>Toy Story 2</em></li><li>Buster in <em>Toy Story 2</em></li><li>Wiener Dog, the name of Norm Henderson's dachshund on <em>The Norm Show</em></li><li>Mr. Weenie in <em>Open Season</em> and <em>Open Season 2</em></li><li>Jorge in <em>Clifford's Puppy Days</em></li><li>Both Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, from Hanna-Barbera are weiner dogs.</li><li>Waldi, the mascot of the 1972 Summer Olympics</li><li>Dinah the Dachshund</li><li>Pretzel in <em>Pretzel</em> by H.A. and Margaret Rey</li><li>Hundley in <em>Curious George</em> by H.A. and Margaret Rey</li><li>Weenie, the pet of Oswald the Octopus, <em>Oswald</em></li><li>Oscar, in the comic strip <em>Liberty Meadows</em>.</li><li>Schnitzel von Krumm, in the <em>Hairy Maclary</em> series of children's picture books by Lynley Dodd.</li><li>The dogs of <em>The Ugly Dachshund</em></li><li>Willie from the books by Ezra Jack Keats</li><li>Oliver in the anime series <em>Ginga Nagareboshi Gin</em></li><li>Bodo in Hausmeister Krause (a German sitcom)</li><li>Origami in <em>Raising Helen</em></li><li>Fritz in <em>National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj</em></li><li>Rufus "The Red" (of Morehead, Kentucky). Credited for saving 4 children from a burning daycare in Kentucky. Has appeared on many talk shows. </li><li>Belle Constantine Chappy, [Katakana: ベルコンスタンティンチャピ－] the name of the miniature dachshund owned by Japanese artist Gackt.</li><li>In the early Mickey Mouse comics, Mickey had a dachshund named Weenie.</li><li>When Cap Toys resurrected Stretch Armstrong in the 1990s, they also created Stretch's dog, a dachshund named Fetch Armstrong.</li><li>Joe, owned by General Claire Lee Chennault and the mascot of Chennault's Flying Tigers of World War II.</li><li>Shadow and Duke from the Shadow Adventures by Mavis Duke Hinton.</li><li>Petey from <em>Searching For A Starry Night</em> by Christine Verstraete.</li><li>Schultzie from <em>Lady and the Tramp</em> trying to tunnel out the Dog Pound while the dog quartet sings.</li><li>Cheerio from <em>Hank Zipzer</em></li><li>Jepha Howard from <em>The Used</em> has a Long Haired Miniature named Zelda</li><li>Wally - the dachshund in the <em>Drabble</em> comic</li><li>Dusty- the dog of the Fariss family</li><li>Dogs looking like dachshunds appear in the clip "Number 1" by Goldfrapp where they appear as plastic surgeons; though more probably they are Saluki.</li><li>Harry Mulisch, one of the three famous Dutch postwar writers, owns a dachshund. He once said his dog is more intelligent than a lot of people.</li><li>On the TV show <em>iCarly</em> there are many Dachshund-related items on their set.</li><li>The character of the Baron in Edmund Goulding's classic film <em>Grand Hotel</em> (1932) is accompanied by a dachshund.</li><li>In Lewis Black's album Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues, he remarks that it would be more fun to watch a dachshund defecate than hear Condoleezza Rice talk.</li><li>Japanese singer Namie Amuro owns two Miniature Long-haired Dachshund, named Koto and Gat-chan.</li><li>Blitzkrieg (lightning war), a mean Dachshund from The Suite Life of Zack and Cody that belongs to Mr Moseby's business rival.</li><li>Mike Graziola from <em>Gennero</em> has a Miniature named Artie, after Artie Lange</li><li>Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was asked, in 2003, whether he has duct tape, plastic sheeting and a three-day supply of bottled water at home. He replied, "I would like to say I did. I don't believe we do. But I do have a miniature dachshund named Reggie who looks out for us."</li></ul><h2> See also </h2><ul><li>Badger-baiting</li><li></li><li>Chihuachshund</li><li>Doxie-Pin</li></ul><h2> References </h2><p></p><h2> Further reading </h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.dachshund-land.ru/Documents/StandartTaks.htm">Dachshund Breed Standard</a> Russian Kennel Club 13.03.2001</li><li><a href="http://www.dachshund-land.ru/Documents/StandartTaksPL.htm">Dachshund Breed Standard</a> Poland Kennel Club 09.05.2001</li><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/dachshund/">Dachushund Breed Standard</a> American Kennel Club</li></ul><h2> External links </h2><p></p><ul><li></li><li><a href="http://www.dachshund-dca.org/">Dachshund Club of America, Inc.</a></li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> </p>

858

false

Dachshund

false

<p> </p><p>The <strong>dachshund</strong> is a short-legged, elongated dog breed of the hound family. Variations of the pronunciation include <em>däks'hoont</em>, <em>-hʊnt</em>, <em>-hʊnd</em>, <em>-ənd</em>, <em>dɑks-</em>, <em>dæks-</em>, <em>dæʃ-</em>), the breed's name is German and literally means "badger dog", from <em>[der] Dachs</em>, "badger", and <em>[der] Hund</em>, "dog". Due to the long, narrow build, they are sometimes referred to as a <strong>wiener dog</strong> or a <strong>sausage dog</strong>. Not withstanding the German origin of the dachshund's name, within German-speaking countries, the breed is known—both formally and informally—as the <em><strong>Dackel</strong></em>, or in the case of certified hunting and tracking rank, as <em><strong>Teckel</strong></em>. While classified in the hound group or scent hound group in the United States and Great Britain, there may be some who consider the classification to be arguable, speculating that it arose from the fact that the word <em>Hund</em>, is similar to the English word <em>hound</em>, and the word "Dachshund" has even been both pronounced and translated, albeit incorrectly, as "Dash Hound". Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired sub type, may exhibit behavior and appearance that are similar to that of the terrier group of dogs. The standard size was developed to scent, chase, and flush badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals, while the miniature was developed to hunt smaller prey, like rabbits. An argument can be made for the scent or hound group classification because the breed was developed to utilize scent to trail and hunt animals, and probably descended from scent hounds, such as bloodhounds, pointers, Basset Hounds, or even Bruno Jura Hounds; with the dogged and persistent personality and love for digging that probably developed from the terrier, it can also be argued that they could belong in the terrier, or "earth dog", group. In the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation), or FCI, the dachshund is actually in its own group, Group 4, which is the dachshund group. Part of the controversy is due to the fact that the dachshund is the only certifiable breed of dog to hunt both above and below ground. </p>

2010-03-11T10:36:30-08:00

White German Shepherd Dog<br />Berger Blanc Suisse , WS, WGSD

2009-07-23T16:42:59-07:00

<h2> History </h2><p>In German Shepherd lll the recessive gene for white coat hair was cast in the breed gene pool by the late 19th and early 20th century breeding program that developed and expanded the German Shepherd Dog breed in Germany. A white herding dog named Greif was the grandfather of Horand von Grafrath, the dog acknowledged as the foundation of all contemporary German Shepherd Dog bloodlines. <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-1"><img alt="White Shepherd 1" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-1-thumb.jpg?1249530769" title=" Rittmeister Max Von Stephanitz December 1864 to April 1936" /></a><br /> Rittmeister Max Von Stephanitz December 1864 to April 1936</div></p><p>Information provided in early books on the German Shepherd Dog make mention of Greif and other white German herding dogs, with upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs, shown in Europe as early as 1882. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred "color coat" dogs that carried Greif's recessive gene for "white coats" to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. White coats were made a disqualification in the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany breed standard in 1933 after the breed club came under the control of the German Nazi party that took over all aspects of German society in February 1933 when Hitler declared a state of emergency. The German breed standard remained unchanged as German breeders repopulated the breed in the years after the conclusion of WWII.</p><p>In 1959 the German Shepherd Dog Club of America (GSDCA) adopted the exclusively colored breed standard of the parent German breed club. White-coated German Shepherd Dogs were officially barred from competition in the American Kennel Club conformation ring in the United States starting in 1968. AKC-registered white German Shepherd Dogs may still compete in performance events. </p><p>During the 1970’s, white dog fanciers in the United States and Canada formed their own "White German Shepherd" breed clubs, breeding and showing their dogs at small specialty dog shows throughout North America.</p><p>The White Shepherd Club of Canada (WSCC) has been dedicated to the promotion and preservation of the White Shepherd since 1971. Originally formed as a Chapter of the White German Shepherd Dog Club of America, the club was renamed White Shepherd Club of Canada in 1973. Its first conformation show was held that year with 8 dogs entered and 25 people in attendance.</p><p>In Canada, the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) is incorporated under the Animal Pedigree Act, a federal statute under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is the governing body that sets down recognition and standards for all pure animal breeds. For a long time, Agriculture Canada had protected white German Shepherds from the many attempts by the German Shepherd Dog Club of Canada to have white dogs disqualified from the CKC conformation ring, as had long been the case in the USA. Some brave members of WSCC had shown in the CKC breed rings and had even accumulated points toward their dogs' CKC Championships. Unfortunately, that would all change in 1998, when the color white was officially disqualified from the CKC German Shepherd breed standard.</p><p>Disappointed but undeterred, the WSCC continues to work toward full breed recognition of the White Shepherd as a separate breed with the CKC. The club hosts shows several times a year, often in combination with the American White Shepherd Association. Event dates and locations are published in the club's newsletter and on its web site.</p><p>In September 1995, a small group of fanciers of the white-coated German Shepherd Dog established the American White Shepherd Association (AWSA), a new club to advance, promote and protect the White Shepherd breed in the United States. In cooperation with the White Shepherd Club of Canada, AWSA wrote and published a new breed standard, and eventually petitioned the American Kennel Club for full recognition as a unique pure breed, separate from and independent of the German Shepherd Dog. As of this writing, AKC has not granted recognition or registration for the White Shepherd breed, but the breeders, fanciers and members of AWSA carry on with independently-held club activities as well as running and maintaining the private club registry. AWSA continues to negotiate with the AKC for breed recognition as well as with the German Shepherd Dog Club of America (GSDCA) for breed separation. Until such time as GSDCA can be persuaded to grant official release of the white dogs, AKC must continue to register all white German Shepherd Dogs born from two AKC-registered German Shepherd parents as German Shepherd Dogs. </p><p>In 1999, a group of AWSA members organized and established the United White Shepherd Club (UWSC) as a United Kennel Club affiliated parent club. They immediately petitioned for a new White Shepherd breed classification within UKC. The United Kennel Club accepted the UWSC's petition and created a new and separate White Shepherd breed conformation standard and registry. The White Shepherd breed was officially recognized by UKC on April 14, 1999. Today, United Kennel Club recognizes both the White Shepherd breed standard as well as the original German Shepherd Dog breed conformation standard where white and colored dogs continue to be considered together as one breed.</p><p>Neither UKC nor AWSA-registered White Shepherds can be registered with FCI as White Swiss Shepherd Dogs (Berger Blanc Suisse). Breed clubs associated with each of these unique breed lines maintain their own breed standards for appearance and temperament. The breed "appearance" standard given below is appropriate to the UKC-registered White Shepherd Dog and, with a few very minor changes - mostly in wording and layout - to the written standard of the AWSA club as well.</p><p>No matter which country they hail from, White Shepherds excel in performance events such as competition obedience and rally obedience, tracking, flyball and agility. Many fine dogs have also earned titles in herding, proving that the herding instinct and ability has been retained in this versatile breed.</p><h2> Appearance </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-2-2"><img alt="White Shepherd 2" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-2-thumb.jpg?1249530770" title="A seventeen-year-old White Shepherd..." /></a><br />A seventeen-year-old White Shepherd...</div> <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-3"><img alt="White Shepherd 3" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-3-thumb.jpg?1249530771" title="...and a White Shepherd, 15 weeks" /></a><br />...and a White Shepherd, 15 weeks</div> The White Shepherd is a direct descendant of the German Shepherd Dog and the two breeds share common roots and are similar in appearance. However, the White Shepherd evolved from a continuous selection for a working companion dog with that exclusive color, beauty and elegance as seen both standing and in motion. His high degree of intelligence and sense of loyalty have allowed him to become one of the most versatile working dogs serving mankind.</p><p>The White Shepherd, as recognized by UKC, is a medium-sized, well-balanced, muscular dog, slightly longer than tall, with a medium length, pure white coat, erect ears, and a low-set natural tail that normally reaches to the hock and is carried in a slight curve like a saber. The White Shepherd is solid without bulkiness and should be shown in lean, hard physical condition. The outline of the White Shepherd is made up of smooth curves rather than angles. When trotting, the White Shepherd moves with a long, efficient stride that is driven by a powerful forward thrust from the hindquarters. The rear leg, moving forward, swings under the foreleg and touches down in the place where the forefoot left an imprint. Gender differences are readily apparent.</p><p>The White Shepherd should be evaluated as an all-around working dog, and exaggerations or faults should be penalized in proportion to how much they deviate from breed type; and how much they interfere with the dog’s ability to work.</p><p>The head is proportional to the size of the dog. Males appear masculine without coarseness, and females feminine without being overly fine. The skull and muzzle are of equal length, parallel to one another, and joined at a moderate stop. There is little or no median furrow.</p><p>The White Shepherd has a weather-resistant double coat. The outer coat is dense, straight, harsh, and close lying. The undercoat is short, thick, and fine in texture. At the neck, the coat may be slightly longer and heavier, particularly in males. Ideal coat color is a pure white. Colors ranging from a very light cream to a light biscuit tan are acceptable but not preferred.</p><p>Dogs with noses not predominantly black is a disqualification.</p><p>The tail is set on low in a natural extension of the sloping croup. The tail extends at least to the hock joint and usually below.</p><p>The appearance standard for United Kennel Club registered dogs is very similar to but not exactly the same as for other separate breed lines such as the AWSA-registered White Shepherd or the FCI internationally recognized Berger Blanc Suisse (White Swiss Shepherd Dog). While all of the existing breed lines have a common genetic heritage with the white-coated members of the German Shepherd Dog breed, they are each separately registered with their respective clubs or registries which also maintain the individual breed appearance standards.</p><h2> Temperament </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-4"><img alt="White Shepherd 4" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-4-thumb.jpg?1249530773" title="White Shepherd, nine months" /></a><br />White Shepherd, nine months</div> <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-5"><img alt="White Shepherd 5" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-5-thumb.jpg?1249530773" title="A long-coated White Shepherd" /></a><br />A long-coated White Shepherd</div></p><p>The breed has a distinct personality marked by direct and fearless, but not hostile, expression. The ideal dog is self-confident and maintains a certain aloofness. It is eager and alert when needed, willing to serve in its capacity as a companion, guard, guide dog, herding dog, or whatever the circumstances may demand. The dog must be approachable, quietly standing its ground and showing confidence and willingness to meet overtures without itself making them. Lack of confidence under any surroundings is not typical of good character. Any dog that exhibits unprovoked aggression and attempts to bite any person, dog or other animal must be disqualified and removed from any dog show event. </p><p>White German Shepherds are very loyal, very protective dogs. They are especially protective of those designated as 'pups'. These dogs enjoy running, playing fetch, or any activity with their 'family' or 'pack'. They are loving, and very good with children. These canines are very good companions if raised in a good home. They can learn various tricks (depending on the dog), but are usually intelligent animals. They can also live a very long time - 12–14 years.</p><p>The White German Shepherd breed have a very playful and curious personality. Some have a tendency to be very vocal by whining, grunting, and moaning. These dogs are also great howlers. Be prepared to have conversations with your White German Shepherd. They are wonderful family dogs, most can be trained to accept any household pet and kids. They are very respectful and honor their masters.</p><h2>Genetics</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/white-shepherd-6"><img alt="White Shepherd 6" src="/images/White Shepherd/white-shepherd-6-thumb.jpg?1249530775" title=" White German Shepherd" /></a><br /> White German Shepherd</div> There are many misconceptions about white-coat German Shepherd Dogs and the gene that expresses for their coat color. Clarence C. Little's <em>The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs</em> hypothesized that dilution or partial albinism <em>ce</em>, <em>ca</em> and <em>cch</em> alleles of the so called (C) gene caused the cream and white coat color variants in domestic dogs. Little's hypothesized partial albinism explanation for cream and white colored coats has been applied across most domestic dog breeds, including white coat dogs from German Shepherd breed lines, since Little first published his book.</p><p>However, comparative analysis of the dog genome and specific breed DNA sequences now shows that Little's hypothesized gene (C) color dilution explanation for cream and white colored coats is most likely not a relevant determinant of cream and white coats known to commonly occur in many dog breeds. Little's 1957-era partial albinism dilution explanation, as applied to explain domestic dog white and cream coat colors, can be replaced by the findings of modern genetic research.</p><p>Research has shown that a recessive <em>e</em> allele at the Extension (E) gene is at least partially responsible for cream and white coat color. The (E) gene, now identified as the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, is one of the two genes known to code for alleles that are absolutely fundamental to the formation of all German Shepherd Dog colored coat variations. When the recessive allele is inherited from each breeding pair parent, the e/e genotype offspring of certain breeds, including white coat dogs from German Shepherd breed lines, always have cream or white colored coats. </p><p>White shepherds were once blamed for color dilution or paling for the entire breed because the recessive <em>e</em> allele of the MC1R (E) gene locus masks expression of alleles at other gene loci that actually do code for lighter (often termed as diluted or pale) colors of silver, black and tan or liver. German breeders of the 1920s and 1930’s misinterpreted pale-colored offspring of white dogs as an undesirable “white” genetic trait. A colored dog paired with a white GSD always produces full colored puppies because the <em>e</em> allele is recessive.)</p><h2>In popular culture</h2><p>*In the 2008 Disney animated film, "Bolt", the titular character resembles a small White Shepherd.</p><ul><li>In the survival horror video game "Haunting Ground" ("Demento" in Japan), one of the main characters is a White Shepherd named Hewie.</li><li>Samuel Fuller's acclaimed 1982 motion picture 'White Dog', features a White Shepherd that has been trained to attack and kill people with black skin.</li><li>Jack LaLanne, popular fitness "guru" had white shepherd dogs that appeared on his TV show.</li><li>Ōkami, a videogame that relates to Japanese myths and legends, tells a story of Amaterasu, Shinto sun goddess, who took the form of a white wolf and saved the land from darkness. The creature resembles White Shepherd very much.</li></ul><h2> References </h2><p></p><h2> Further information </h2><ul><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li></ul><h2> External links </h2><p></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.awsaclub.com/index2.htm">American White Shepherd Association</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wsgenetics.org">White Shepherd Health & Genetics Project</a></li><li><a href="http://www.whiteshepherdclub.ca">White Shepherd Club of Canada</a></li><li><a href="http://www.unitedwhiteshepherdclub.org">United White Shepherd Club</a></li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>

855

515

false

White Shepherd

false

United States

<p></p><p>The <strong>White Shepherd Dog</strong> emerged from white coat lines of the German Shepherd Dog. It is only recognized as a breed by the United Kennel Club in the United States.</p>

2010-03-11T00:47:32-08:00

Hound , Basset

2009-07-23T16:46:16-07:00

<h2>Description</h2><h3>Appearance</h3><p> <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/basset-hound-1"><img alt="Basset Hound 1" src="/images/Basset Hound/basset-hound-1-thumb.jpg?1249531016" title="Douglas, a 6 year-old red & white Basset Hound" /></a><br />Douglas, a 6 year-old red & white Basset Hound</div> <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/basset-hound-2-2"><img alt="Basset Hound 2" src="/images/Basset Hound/basset-hound-2jpeg-thumb?1249531017" title="Bitsy, a 1 year-old Blue Basset Hound" /></a><br />Bitsy, a 1 year-old Blue Basset Hound</div> <div class="right"><a href="../pictures/basset-hound-3"><img alt="Basset Hound 3" src="/images/Basset Hound/basset-hound-3-thumb.jpg?1249531019" title="Boo, a 6 month old tri-color Basset." /></a><br />Boo, a 6 month old tri-color Basset.</div> </p><p>These dogs are around 1-foot in height at the withers. They usually weigh between 35-70lbs. They have smooth, short-haired coats but a rough haired hound is possible. Although any hound colour is considered acceptable by breed standards, Bassets are generally tricolor (black, tan, and white), open red and white (red spots on white fur), closed red and white (a solid red color with white feet and tails), Honey And White (honey coloured back, light brown spotty nose and legs, light brown tails with white tip) and lemon and white. Some Bassets are also classified as gray or blue; however, this colour is considered rare and undesirable. They have long, downward ears and powerful necks, with much loose skin around their heads that forms wrinkles. Their tails are long and tapering and stand upright with a curve. Some prefer that the tail be tipped in white. This is so they are easily seen when hunting/tracking through large bushes or weeds. The breed is also known for its hanging skin structure, which causes the face to occasionally look sad; this, for many people, adds to the breed's charm. The dewlap, seen as the loose, elastic skin around the neck, and the trailing ears, help trap the scent of what they are tracking.</p><p>The Basset Hound is a large dog with short legs. They were originally bred to have osteochondrodysplasia, known as dwarfism. Their short stature can be deceiving; Bassets are surprisingly long and can reach things on table tops that dogs of similar heights cannot. However, because Bassets are so heavy and have such short legs, they are not able to hold themselves above water for very long, and should never be made to swim.</p><h3> Temperament </h3><p>The Basset Hound is seen as an especially friendly breed. For this reason they are an excellent pet for children. Bassets "forget" the training when a reward is not present. Bassets should be on a leash when out on walks.</p><p>Bassets might howl or bark when they want something or to suggest that they think something is wrong (like a storm is coming). They also use a low, murmuring whine to get attention, which sounds to many owners as though their Bassets are "talking." This whine is also used by the hound to beg (for food or treats) and varies in volume depending on the nature of the individual hound and length of time it has been begging.</p><h2> Hunting with Bassets </h2><p>The Basset Hound was bred to hunt. Its keen nose and short stature are suited to small-game hunting on foot.</p><p>As hunting has declined in popularity, many Bassets have lost their age-old skills. There are a few groups that promote hunting with bassets.<a href="http://www.bassetnet.com">The American Hunting Basset Association</a>and the <a href="http://www.basset-bhca.org">Basset Hound Club of America</a> has been the most active in promoting the use of Bassets for rabbit hunting.</p><p>Hunting with Basset Hounds when with an organization such as the American Hunting Basset Association or the Basset Hound Club of America do not involve the killing of any animals. These organizations are merely testing the Basset Hound's skills at tracking/trailing a rabbit's scent. Each organization is different in how it functions. With the AHBA, a group of 4 to 6 hounds (cast) are given one hour to find their own rabbit and judged based upon a standard set of rules while in the BHCA two dogs are paired and then put on a rabbit track and then judged. Typically the BHCA hunting lasts a few minutes per brace, the basset pair. With both organizations, the winning dog in each brace for the BHCA or cast for the AHBA go on to compete against the other winning dogs,</p><p>Hunting with Basset Hounds as a pack is common in the Mid-Atlantic States of Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Several private and membership packs exist in these states. Hunting for cotton tails and hare is the quarry of preference. There were a number of Basset Hound packs in its original home of England when the hunting of hares (see Beagling) was made illegal by the Hunting Act 2004.</p><p>Hunting a hound pack requires a staff which consists of a Huntsman and the Whipper-Ins who are responsible for order and discipline of the pack. A Field Master is in charge of the field (members of the hunt and guests) that follows behind observing the hounds work the covert. Most clubs will hunt in traditional attire of a green jacket and brush pants. Recognized clubs offer those members who have supported the pack the opportunity to wear colors on the collar to indicate rank in the club. </p><p>These packs are typically of English and French hound blood lines with a mix of AKC blood lines in some packs. The National Beagle Club located at the Institute Farm in Aldie, Virginia approximately 50 miles west of Washington D.C. host spring and fall field trials for basset hounds. The competition held over a 4-day period with participating packs hunting in the traditional manner in braces of up to 1 hour and 15 minutes. The pack size for each competition varies, from 3 to 7 couple.</p><h2>Health</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/basset-hound-4"><img alt="Basset Hound 4" src="/images/Basset Hound/basset-hound-4-thumb.jpg?1249531021" title="8 week old Basset Hound" /></a><br />8 week old Basset Hound</div></p><p>Because of the extremely long ears of Bassets they are prone to ear disease. If their ears are allowed to dangle on the ground or in food on a daily basis they are capable of developing chronic and potentially fatal ear diseases. The only recent mortality and morbidity surveys of Basset Hounds are from the UK: a 1999 longevity survey with a small sample size of 10 deceased dogs and a 2004 UK Kennel Club health survey with a larger sample size of 142 deceased dogs and 226 live dogs.</p><p>In addition to ear problems, basset hounds may also have eye issues. Because of their droopy eyes, the area under the eyeball will collect dirt and become clogged with a mucus. It is best to wipe their eyes every day with a damp cloth. This helps to lessen the build up and eye irritation.</p><p>Basset hounds are also prone to yeast infections in the folds around the mouth, where drool can collect without throughly drying out. Wiping the area with a clean, dry towel and applying talcum powder can minimize this risk. </p><h3>Mortality</h3><p>Median longevity of Basset Hounds in the UK is about 11.4 years, which is a typical median longevity for purebred dogs and for breeds similar in size to Basset Hounds. The oldest of the 142 deceased dogs in the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey was 16.7 years. Leading causes of death in the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey were cancer (31%), old age (13%), GDV (bloat/torsion), (11%), and cardiac (8%).</p><h3>Morbidity</h3><p>Among 226 live Basset Hounds in the 2004 UKC survey, the most common health issues noted by owners were dermatologic (e.g., dermatitis), reproductive, musculoskeletal (e.g., arthritis and lameness), and gastrointestinal (e.g. GDV and colitis).</p><p>Basset Hounds are also prone to epilepsy, glaucoma, luxating patella, thrombopathia, Von Willebrand disease, hypothyroidism, hip dysplasia, and elbow dysplasia.</p><h2>Training</h2><p>Training is a touchy topic when dealing with the Basset Hound breed. Trainers must be persistent with this breed in order to achieve a well mannered dog, as Bassets have a tendency to listen to their noses instead of verbal commands. While this can lead to stubbornness, it also means that they are highly motivated by food (particularly fragrant ones) and tend to respond well to treat-based positive reinforcement methods. Owners need to make the training process lively and entertaining to allow the Basset to learn more efficiently.</p><h2> Popular culture </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/basset-hound-5"><img alt="Basset Hound 5" src="/images/Basset Hound/basset-hound-5-thumb.jpg?1249531024" title="Photograph of Halloween-themed Hush Puppies plush basset hounds." /></a><br />Photograph of Halloween-themed Hush Puppies plush basset hounds.</div> </p><p>In February 27th </span>1928, <em>Time</em> magazine featured a Basset Hound on the front cover. The accompanying story was about the 52nd annual Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show at Madison Square Garden as if observed by the Basset Hound puppy. This prestige is often seen as the event which made the Basset Hound a popular part of American popular culture.</p><p>Basset Hounds have had prominent roles in movies and television. Some Bassets have been featured in comic strips and cartoons. Examples include cartoon character Droopy Dog, originally created in 1943 by Tex Avery, and Fred Basset, the main character in the comic strip <em>Fred Basset</em>, created by Alex Graham in 1963. Basset Hounds playing more minor roles include Rosebud the Basselope from Berke Breathed's comic strip <em>Bloom County</em>, Byron Basset in <em>Tiny Toon Adventures</em>, Toby, from <em>The Great Mouse Detective</em>, and Lafayette, from the 1970 Disney film <em>The Aristocats</em>. The notable webcomic PvP by Scott Kurtz occasionally features the author's pet Basset Hound. Rodney Dangerfield voices a Basset Hound in the animated feature film, "Rover Dangerfield".</p><p>Basset Hounds in films include Fred, the companion of Cledus in the 1977 movie <em>Smokey and the Bandit</em> and Gabriel, Batou's Basset Hound in <em>Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence</em>; Gabriel is in fact director Mamoru Oshii's real life pet, and is included in many of his films. In a scene most likely referencing Smokey and the Bandit, a truck driver has a Basset Hound beside him in <em>American Pie 2</em>. Basset Hounds are featured prominently in off-beat roles as well - one gets hit by a car and survives in <em>The Rage: Carrie 2</em>, and in the film <em>Monkeybone</em> a Basset has its own nightmarish dream sequence. Finally, Basset Hounds appear in such other mainstream films as <em>An American Werewolf in Paris</em>, <em>Nanny McPhee</em>,<em>Spider-Man 2</em> and <em>Kit Kittredge: An American Girl</em>.</p><p>Television programs have used Basset Hounds as characters as well. In the early days of television, Elvis Presley famously sang "Hound Dog" to a Basset Hound named Sherlock on "The Steve Allen Show" on July 1, 1956. One of the most famous Bassets on television was Flash, the dog owned by Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the 1980s TV series "The Dukes of Hazzard". A life-sized replica named "Flush" was used in dangerous situations. Other Bassets on television include Cleo, the doggie <em>femme fatal</em> from "The People's Choice", which starred Jackie Cooper ; the Basset Hound named simply "Dog" from "Columbo", Henry from Emergency!, Governor from "The Governor & J.J.", Quincey, from "Coach", Sam from "That's So Raven", Chips from "EastEnders", Arthur in "Our House (1986 TV series)" and Socrates in "Judging Amy". Basset Hounds have also been featured in advertising. The logo for Hush Puppies brand shoes prominently features a Basset Hound whose real name is <em>Jason</em>. Basset Hounds are occasionally referred to as "Hush Puppies" for that reason. A Basset Hound also serves as the companion to the lonely Maytag Man in Maytag appliance advertisements. Tidewater Petroleum advertised its Flying A Gasoline using a Basset Hound named Axelrod. In the 1990s, a handsome red/white Basset Hound called SIGMUND featured in a several advertisements including one for Domestos bleach.</p><p>In June 2007, a realistic life-size Basset Hound mascot began to make appearances at various nightclubs and music festivals in the UK and across Europe. Ulysses the Basset Rave Hound was photographed with festival goers and famous DJ's at the Renaissance "Wild in the Country" festival, The Big Chill 2008 festival and famous Ibiza super-clubs Pacha, Space and Amnesia. Ulysses has his own fan page on the social networking website Facebook entitled "We love Ulysses".</p><h2>History</h2><p>Basset Hounds are a cross between the Bloodhound the Regular Artisien Normand, and the Basset Artisien Normand. The first application of the word "Basset" to a breed of dog can be traced to <em>La Vénerie,</em> an illustrated text on hunting written by Jacques du Fouilloux in 1561. Fouilloux illustrates wire-haired bassets resembling the modern Basset Fauve de Bretagne. In Fouilloux's treatise, bassets are used to pursue foxes and badgers to ground, after which the quarry is dug from its burrow and so reduced to possession. </p><p>Other early French Bassets closely resembled the Basset Artésien Normand, which is still a breed today. The Basset Artesian Normand is one of the six recognized French Basset breeds. Originating in Artois and Normandy, it dates back to the 1600s. The Basset Artesian Normand looks like a Basset Hound, but lighter in weight. A short, straight legged hound, its body is twice as long as it is high. Its head is dome-shaped and powerful with hairy cheeks. The neck is slightly dewlap and the muscles are smooth with a moderate amount of wrinkles. The chest is round with clearly visible sternum. The coat is very short, bicolor: tan and white, or tricolor: tan, black and white. Breeders prefer white feet.</p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, the Basset Artesian Normand was developing into two distinct lines, straight-legged hunters and crocked-legged, droopy-eared companion and show dogs. French breeder Leon Verrier developed today's standard, which blends attributes of both varieties. The Artesian Basset needed straight legs that would neither hinder his speed nor drain his energy in order to work in unruly terrain, brush and briar. The breed was recognized in 1911. </p><p>Because many short-legged dogs from this time were called <em>Basset</em> and record-keeping from this time was sparse, it is difficult to speculate which of these breeds have bloodlines in common with today's Basset Hounds. It is commonly believed that Marquis de Lafayette brought Basset Hounds to the United States as a gift to George Washington.</p><p>In France, basset hounds achieved noticeable public cultural popularlity during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (r. 1852-1870). In 1853, Emmanuel Fremiet, "the leading sculptor of animals in his day" exhibited bronze sculptures of Emperor Napoleon III's basset hounds at the Paris Salon. Ten years later, in 1863, the Basset Hound reached international fame at the Paris Dog Show. At that time there were two common Bassets, those with a rough coat (<em>Basset Griffon</em>) and those with smooth (<em>Basset Français</em>). The dogs were further classified by the length of their legs. The two popular Basset breeders at this time were <em>M. Lane</em> and the <em>Count Le Couteulx.</em> </p><p>In 1866, Lord Galway imported a pair of <em>Le Couteulx</em> Bassets to England, but it was not until 1874 that Basset Hounds were widely introduced there by Sir Everett Millais. The Kennel Club accepted the breed in 1882 and the English Basset Hound Club was formed in 1884. The American Kennel Club first recognized Basset Hounds as a breed in 1885. In 1935, the Basset Hound Club of America was organized in the United States. The current American breed standard was adopted in 1964.</p><p>In North America Basset Hound picnics and waddles are traditions in many regions and draw impressive crowds and participations from hundreds or even thousands of Bassets and their owners. Most events are held to raise funds for local and regional Basset rescue groups. For example, <a href="http://fp.enter.net/~jhmitch/">The Allentown Basset Picnic</a> thrived for seven years before becoming Tri-State's Basset Freedom Fest in 2003. Other major annual basset hound events, including the Buffalo Basset Bash, the New Orleans Basset Boogie, the Washington (state) Basset Rescue's Basset Blast in Spokane, and the Michigan Basset Waddle, share many similarities with North American food festivals and even crown king and queen basset hounds in a manner reminiscent of festival crownings of pumpkin queens or other event "royalty". Of course, other traditions, such as deciding which basset has the best waddle, longest ears, best bay, or can keep a towel on its head the longest, are generally unique to basset hound picnics and waddles. These events also feature a wide variety of purchaseable and usually custom-made items depicting basset hounds and therefore play a role in raising money for basset hound rescue organizations. Often featured at shows and festivals is a world-famous pack of performing basset hounds known as "The Happy Basset Hounds." The trio consist of Eleanor, Annabel and Buster, and they make their home in Texarkana, Ark. The act was formerly headlined by the celebrated Ernest T. Basset, now deceased.</p><h2>External links</h2><p></p><ul><li> - An active listing of Basset Hound links.</li><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/basset_hound/index.cfm/">American Kennel Club</a></li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> </p>

826

560

false

Basset Hound

true

<p></p><p>The <strong>Basset Hound</strong> is a short-legged breed of dog of the hound family. They are scent hounds, bred to hunt rabbits by scent. Their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the Bloodhound. The name <em>Basset</em> is derived from the French word <em>bas</em>, meaning "low", with the attenuating suffix <em>-et</em>, together meaning "rather low". Basset hounds are commonly brown and black and most often spotted, but also exist in a variety of colors.</p>

2010-03-11T10:36:29-08:00

2009-07-23T16:24:49-07:00

<h2>Appearance</h2><p>The English Water Spaniel looked little like the Irish Water Spaniel of today. It actually more closely resembled a curly-haired version of the Welsh Springer Spaniel with a pointier muzzle, with traits of the Collie, poodle, and setter. The white and liver/tan dog stood about 20 inches tall and looked like a typical, lean, long-legged spaniel with long ears, a white underbelly, and brown back, except that it had the coat of a water dog.</p><h2> References </h2><p><div class="references-small"></div></p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p><p> </p><p></p>

764

259

false

English Water Spaniel

false

<p></p><p>The <strong>English Water Spaniel</strong> is a breed of dog extinct since the 1900s, with the last of the breed being seen in the 1930's. The breed was known for hunting waterfowl and "diving as well as the ducks".</p>

2010-03-11T10:36:31-08:00

Non-sporting Suomenpystykorva

2009-07-23T16:15:21-07:00

<h2> Descriptions </h2><h3>Appearance</h3><p>The Finnish Spitz has a square build, meaning that the length of the body is the same, or slightly shorter than the height of the withers to the ground.It should look like a fox with a fluffier coat. The length of the body is measured from the point of the shoulder or forechest in front of the withers to the rump, giving a truly square dogs a short back. Bitches are usually a little longer in the back. Both dogs and bitches should appear slightly longer in the leg. The Finnish Spitz is a double coated breed but the outer coat should not exceed 2 1/2 inches at the ruff. The undercoat is soft and lighter in color than the red/gold outer coat. The undercoat will shed twice a year, and if a Finnish Spitz is to be kept healthy, a good shedding of the undercoat when the dog is ready to "blow coat" is needed. Some exhibitors show dogs with undercoat that should be removed but that is the breeder, owner or handler's choice. Omission to shed undercoat is considered neglect by some judges who prefer a clean and combed coat. Dew claws can appear on front and/or back feet. If back claws appear, they should be removed by the breeder. The front dewclaws can be removed but since they are usually small, they generally are not removed. If the back dew claws are present, they look like toes. The front dew claws appear to have no purpose. </p><h4>Coat</h4><p>The Finnish Spitz has a typical double coat, which consists of a soft, dense undercoat and long, harsh guard hairs that can measure one to two inches long. The coat should be stiffer, denser, and longer on the neck, back, back of thighs, and plume of the tail, whilst shorter on the head and legs. Dogs should sport a slightly longer and coarser coat than the bitches, who are slightly more refined. However the plume of the tail is important to the overall look of the dog but should not be too long. Feathered long tail hairs without sustenance can give the dog an unkempt look. Additionally the tailset is important and the Finnish Spitz should be able to move its tail from one side to the other. Most Finnish Spitz have a preferred side and this is not incorrect. </p><p>Proper care of the coat is most important. The Finnish Spitz blows coat or loses its undercoat twice a year. It is imperative that owners brush out the old undercoat so the new coat can grow properly. Excessive undercoat can cause skin problems and although a dog may look fluffy and full, the undercoat may be causing serious skin problems.</p><p>In the show ring, the coat should be shown as completely natural; a brush through the coat is acceptable but no trimming is allowed, not even of whiskers. However, any excessive undercoat should be removed. Some exhibitors leave in the undercoat to make the dog's coat look bigger. However, most well trained judges see this problem. Another exception is the hair under the bottom of the feet. The hair under the feet as well as the toe nails should be nicely trimmed for show.</p><h4>Color</h4><p>Puppies are often described as looking similar to a red fox cub. They are born dark grey/black/brown or fawn with a vast amount of black. A fawn puppy or one with a large amount of white of the chest is not preferable. The color of the adult dog can be assessed by an experienced breeder at birth or cannot really be assessed by a novice until about four to six months, but even then the color may change. The adult color should be golden red. It can be of almost any shade, varying from pale honey to dark chestnut. There are no preferences over shades as long as the color is bright and clear with no hints of dullness, which is of most importance. The coat should never be of a solid color. It should be shaded and without any defined color changes. The coat is usually at its darkest shade on the back of the dog, gradually getting lighter around the chest and belly. The undercoat must always be lighter in color than the topcoat, but is never allowed to be white. A small patch of white, no more than 1.5 centimeters wide, is allowable on the chest, and white tips on the feet are acceptable, but not desired.</p><h5>Pigmentation</h5><p>The nose, lips, and rims of eyes should always be black.</p><h4>Height and weight</h4><p>*Height at withers</p><list type='indent'><li>Males, 16 to 19 inches (44-50 cm)</li><li>Females, 14½ to 17 inches (39-45 cm)</li></list><ul><li>Weight</li></ul><list type='indent'><li>Males, 27-33 lb (11-13 kg) </li><li>Females, 20-27 lb (8-9 kg)</li></list><h3>Temperament</h3><p>Finnish Spitz are considered to interact well with people, including children. In the home, the Finnish Spitz is a happy member, playing gently with children but may be rougher with other dogs. Some Finnish Spitz love other dogs while others are shy, passive or aggressive around other dogs. The Finnish Spitz are very loyal to their family, therefore they can be shy or moody around other dogs. Left alone the Finnish Spitz will figure out if another dog is acceptable.</p><p>The breed is prone to barking at anything they perceive as being out of the ordinary. They can be trained to reduce the amount of barking, although the barking does make them good watchdogs.</p><h4>Training</h4><p>Because of their intelligence, Finnish Spitz are independent and strong-willed dogs and are best trained with a soft voice and touch. They will easily become bored with repetitive training. Finnish Spitz can be trained to be very obedient with a light touch and lots of positive reinforcement.</p><p>Finnish Spitz can excel in obedience, agility and rally as a companion dog.</p><h2>Health</h2><p>The Finnish Spitz is typically a very healthy breed, and health concerns are rare. Here is a short list of what is known to occur, however you should consult your breeder and others who breed Finnish Spitz to understand the prevalence to this breed: </p><ul><li>Hip dysplasia</li><li>Patellar luxation</li><li>Elbow dysplasia</li><li>Epilepsy</li></ul><h2>Related breeds</h2><ul><li>Finnish Lapphund</li><li>Lapponian herder</li><li>Norrbottenspets</li><li>Karelian Bear Dog</li></ul><p></p><h2>References</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.akc.org/breeds/finnish_spitz/index.cfm">The American Kennel Club official site</a></li><li><a href="http://www.finnishspitzclub.org/">The Finnish Spitz club of America</a></li><li><a href="http://www.barkbytes.com/direct/finspt.htm">The Finnish Spitz Directory</a></li><li><a href="http://www.finnishspitz.org.uk">History, Breed information</a></li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> </p>

754

false

Finnish Spitz

false

<p></p><p></p><p>A <strong>Finnish Spitz</strong> (Finnish language: <em>Suomenpystykorva</em>) is a breed of dog originating in Finland. The breed is thought to be an old one, bred as a hunting dog. It is a "bark pointer", indicating the position of game by barking to attract the hunter's attention. It has been used mostly to bark at game that flees into trees, such as squirrels, grouses, and capercaillies, but it serves well also to hunt moose and elk. Some individuals have been known to go after even a bear, despite the dog's small size. In its native country, the breed is still mostly used as a hunting dog, but as it is very friendly and loves children, in other countries it serves mainly as a house pet. The Finnish Spitz has been the national dog of Finland since 1979.</p>

2010-03-11T10:36:31-08:00

2009-07-23T16:24:50-07:00

<h2> Background </h2><p>The history of Bullenbeissers can be traced back to 370 AD, the time the warriors called Alans started migrating from Asia Minor to Europe. They brought large fighting dogs with them (called Alaunts), which were probably descendants of huge dogs from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe (animals very similar to the present breeds Gampr, Central Asian Shepherd Dog, and Central Asian Ovcharka). After the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, by the late 5th century, the dogs were adopted in all countries of Europe. The main uses given to these dogs were herding, guarding, and baiting. </p><p>Central Europe was the zone in which the dogs were exposed to experience the greatest changes, though they evolved in each corner of the Old Continent. The main features of the direct ancestor of the Bullenbeisser are the loss of the long hair (since they abandoned the high mountains) and the accumulation of loose skin around the head and muzzle. The appearance of these dogs is quite similar to the modern English Mastiff, perhaps with notable changes in colour. Around 800 AD there were different dogs in Brittania, Hispania, Italia, and Germania, all descended from the Alaunt.</p><h2> Extinction </h2><p>The Bullenbeisser became extinct by crossbreeding rather than by a decadence of the breed, as happened with the Old Time Bulldog, for instance. The size of the <em>Bull Biters</em> varied from about 40 to 70 cm by 1850; the smaller lived from what today is Netherlands and Belgium, and the bigger, in Germany. In the late 1870s, German breeders Roberth, Konig, and Hopner used the dog to create a new breed, today called the Boxer. Some 30 Bullenbeissers were already crossed by the <a href="http://www.bk-muenchen.de/cms/index.php">Boxer Kennel Club of Germany</a> at 1900 in with Bulldogs brought from the British Isles. The blood composition was 50/50 at that time, however, the German owners started crossing their dogs with all kinds of Bulldogs and Boxers, which produced an undistinguishable breed after the World War II. One reason why such quantity of German blood was used to create the Boxer dog was the wish to eliminate the excessive white colour of the breed, and the necessity of producing thousands of dogs for one of the most popular breeds in the world.</p><h2> Present </h2><p>The Boxer is descended about 70% from the Bullenbeisser. The Great Dane was originally a mix 50-50 English Mastiff and Irish wolfhound with later additions off dalmatian and german pointer. The Banter Bulldogge is a very good recreation of the breed. However, the Bullenbeisser was in all its aspects, but for colour, almost identical to the present Spanish Bulldog.</p><h2>See also</h2><ul><li>Boxer (dog)</li><li>Bulldog</li><li>Dogo Argentino</li><li>Great Dane</li><li>Spanish Bulldog</li></ul><h2> References </h2><h2> External links </h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.bulldoginformation.com/banter-bulldogge.html">Banter Bulldog</a></li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>

715

260

true

Bullenbeisser

true

<p></p><p>The <strong>Bullenbeisser</strong> (also known as the German Bulldog) was a breed of dog known for its strength and agility. The breed was closely related to the Bärenbeisser (some believe that the two breeds were the same (the names mean "bull-biter" and "bear-biter")), and the Boxer. There were two regional varieties, the Brabanter Bullenbeisser and the Danziger Bullenbeisser. The breed is now unfortunately extinct due to crossbreeding instead of the usual overkilling. </p>

2010-03-11T14:30:43-08:00

Herding , <strong>Aussie</strong> Shepherd or little blue dog

21 - 23 ins

11-13 yrs. </p><p>

2008-07-08T14:56:27-07:00

<p>Australian Shepherds rose rapidly in popularity with the boom of western riding after World War II. They became known to the general public through rodeos, horse shows, and through Disney movies made for television.</p><p>For decades Aussies have been valued by stockmen for their inherent versatility and trainability. While they continue to work as stockdogs and compete in herding trials, the breed has earned recognition in other roles due to their trainability and eagerness to please, and are highly regarded for their skills in obedience. Like all working breeds, the Aussie has considerable energy and drive, and usually needs a job to do. It often excels at dog sports such as dog agility, flyball, and frisbee. They are also highly successful search and rescue dogs, disaster dogs, detection dogs, guide, service, and therapy dogs. And, above all, they can be beloved family companions. </p><h2> Characteristics </h2><h3> Appearance </h3><p>The breed's general appearance varies greatly depending on the particular line's emphasis. As with many working breeds that are also shown in the ring, there are differences of opinion among breeders over what makes an ideal Australian Shepherd. In addition the breed can be split into two distinct lines - working and show dogs. Working dogs tend to have shorter coats, thinner and are sometimes smaller while the show lines are bred according to breed standard and can have long fur.</p><h4>Size</h4><p>The Australian Shepherd is a medium sized breed of solid build. The standard calls for the Australian Shepherd to stand between 18-23 inches at the withers. Females being 18-21 inches and males measuring 21-23 inches</p><h4>Color</h4><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/australian-shepherd-1"><img alt="Australian Shepherd 1" src="/images/Australian Shepherd/australian-shepherd-1-thumb.jpg?1249530442" title="Color variants: Black tricolor, red merle, blue merle, liver tricolor." /></a><br />Color variants: Black tricolor, red merle, blue merle, liver tricolor.</div> Aussie colors are black, red (sometimes called <em>liver</em>), blue merle (marbled black and gray), and red merle (marbled red and silver or buff); each of these colors may also have copper points and/or white markings in various combinations on the face, chest, and legs. A black or red dog with copper and white trim is called <em>tricolor</em> or <em>tri</em>, a black or red dog with white trim but no copper is called <em>bicolor</em> or <em>bi</em>. White should not appear on the body of the dog from topmost point of the shoulder blade to the tail. The ears should be covered by and completely surrounded by pigment other than white to decrease the risk for white related deafness. Eyes should also be surrounded by color, including the eye rim leather. Excessive white on the face and ears can place an individual dog at greater risk for sunburn and subsequent skin cancer. The wide variation of color combinations comes from the interaction between the a color allele, which is either black (B) dominant or red (b) recessive, and the dominant merle allele (M). Together, these provide four coat-color aspects that can appear in any combination:</p><ul><li>Black Tri, with tan points and/or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly. Solid black dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan and/or white.</li><li>Red (Liver) with or without tan points and/or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly. Neither white nor tan points are required. Solid Red dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan and/or white.</li><li>Blue Merle (a mottled patchwork of gray and black) with or without tan points and/or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly. Neither white nor tan points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan and/or white.</li><li>Red Merle (a mottled patchwork of cream and liver red) with or without tan points and/or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly. Neither white nor tan points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan and/or white.</li></ul><p>The merle allele, which produces a mingled or patchwork combination of dark and light areas, is the coat pattern most commonly associated with the breed. This merle (M) is dominant so that affected dogs (Mm) show the pigmentation pattern; however, when two merles are bred, there is a statistical risk that 25% of the offspring will end up with the two copies of the merle gene (homozygous). These dogs usually have a mostly white coat and blue irises, and are often deaf and/or blind. In this case, the deafness and blindness are linked to having two copies of the merle gene, which disrupts pigmentation and produces these health defects.</p><p>All black and blue merle dogs have black noses, eye rims, and lips. All red and red merle dogs have liver or brown noses, eye rims, and lips.</p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/australian-shepherd-2-2"><img alt="Australian Shepherd 2" src="/images/Australian Shepherd/australian-shepherd-2-thumb.jpg?1249530449" title="Red merle with copper points and one brown eye and one blue eye. Blue merle with copper points with blue eyes" /></a><br />Red merle with copper points and one brown eye and one blue eye. Blue merle with copper points with blue eyes</div> There is also great variety in the Aussie's eye color. An early nickname for the breed was "ghost-eye dog". Aussie eyes may be green, hazel, amber, brown, or blue; they may have two different colored eyes, or even have bicolored or "split eyes" (for example, a half-brown, half-blue eye), which appear to be linked to the merle coloration. Merled eyes occur as well, where one color is mixed in and swirled with another. Any combination of eye color is acceptable in the breed standard, so long as the eyes are healthy. In general, however, black Aussies (self, bi-color or tri-color) tend to have brown eyes, while red (self, bi-color or tri-color) Aussies tend to have amber eyes, though these Aussies may also carry the blue eyed gene.</p><h4>Tail</h4><p>A hallmark of the breed is a short bobbed or docked tail in countries where docking is permitted. Some Aussies are born with naturally short bobbed tails, others with full long tails, and others with natural partial bobs, where the tail is midlength and appears stubby. Breeders have historically docked the tails when the puppies are born. Even without a tail, the wagging movement of the hind end still occurs.</p><p>Some Australian Shepherd breeders try to keep the tail on the dog for the natural look, which can still be shown in the breed ring.</p><h3>Temperament</h3><p> The breed is an energetic dog that requires exercise and enjoys working, whether it is learning and practicing tricks, competing in dog agility, or any other physically and mentally involving activity. </p><p>Dogs with strong working instinct may show more reserved, guarding behaviors along with a tendency to chase or nip at strangers. Its protective instinct and behaviors can be frightening to children, strangers, and small animals. They are kind, loving, and devoted to those they know. They are very loyal to their owners, and are rewarding dogs if treated well. Because the breed was developed to serve on the ranch, a job which includes being protective of its property, it is inclined to bark warnings about neighborhood activity, but it is not an obsessively barking dog.</p><p>The Aussie is intelligent, learns quickly, and loves to play. This means that a bored, neglected, unexercised Aussie will invent its own games, activities, and jobs, which to a busy owner might appear to be hyperactivity: for example, an Aussie may go from being at rest to running at top speed for several 'laps' around the house before returning to rest. Without something to amuse them, Aussies often become destructive. Aussies also do best with plenty of human companionship: they are often called "velcro" for their strong desire to always be near their owners and for their tendency to form intense, devoted bonds with select people. Recent studies have also shown that shepherds work well with special-needs kids and babies.</p><p>The Australian Shepherd has a reputation as a highly intelligent and versatile stock dog with a range of working styles. A good working Aussie is quick, thoughtful, and easy with its stock. The ability for the breed to adapt to the situation and think for itself makes it an excellent all-around worker. For this reason the Aussie is often chosen to work unusual livestock such as ducks, geese, and commercially raised rabbits.</p><p>The Australian Shepherd, though a great dog for a family with an abundance of time, can become extremely destructive if left alone, or in small spaces. They are known for digging holes, tearing up lawns, and chewing anything in sight if they become restless. These dogs require a minimum of 2-3 hours a day of play and exercise and need constant attention. The dogs thrive in rural, ranch like conditions, but would be a nightmare for any busy group of people living in a city or suburb. When neglected, the Australian Sheepdog is also know to become extremely aggressive towards its neglecters and other humans or animals. When restless, they will often try to "herd" their owners which may include excessive jumping, snapping, and biting.</p><h2>Health</h2><p>There are many health problems that an Australian Shepherd can acquire, including back and hip problems, vision problems, and pancreatic problems. Also, an Aussie can develop bladder problems and urinary infections over time. Many can be epileptic. Thyroid problems are also appearing.</p><h3>Mortality</h3><p>Results of a 1998 internet survey with a sample size of 614 Australian Shepherds indicated a median longevity of about 12.5 years, but that longevity may be declining. A 2004 UK survey found a much shorter median longevity of 9 years, but their sample size was low (22 deceased dogs). </p><p>The median life spans for breeds similar in size to Australian Shepherds are mostly between 11 and 13 yrs, so, assuming the results of the UK study are not representative of the population there, Aussies appear to have a typical life span for a breed their size. Leading causes of death in the UK survey were cancer (32%), "combinations" (18%), and old age (14%).</p><h3>Morbidity</h3><p>Based on a sample of 48 still-living dogs, the most common health issues noted by owners were eye problems (red eye, epiphora, conjunctivitis, and cataracts). Dermatological and respiratory problems also ranked high.</p><p>Collie eye anomaly (CEA) and cataracts are considered major health concerns in Aussies. Other conditions of note include iris coloboma, canine hip dysplasia (CHD), Pelger-Huet syndrome, hypothyroidism, and nasal solar dermatitis. Prior to breeding, the Aussie should be checked for Hip and Elbow Dysplasia, DNA tests performed to show the dog to be free of the MDR1 mutation, cataract mutation, and CEA. Tests should also include those for thyroidism and clearances for other known eye diseases like colobomas, PRA and retinal folds. The Australian Shepherd (as well as Collies, German Shepherds and many other herding dogs) are susceptible to toxicity from common heartworm preventatives (anti-parasitics) and other drugs. This is caused by a genetic mutation of the MDR1 gene. The most common toxicity is from the heartworm medicine Ivermectin found in products such as Heartgard. (Only at very high doses. Most dogs will not have problems with Ivermectin found in products such as Heartgard Plus.) A test is available to determine if a particular dog carries the mutated gene. Read <a href="http://www.busteralert.org">here</a> for more information.</p><h3>Double Merle</h3><p>Double merling or homozygous merle, also known as "lethal white" (a misnomer because it is not lethal), occurs when the resulting offspring of two merled parents inherit two copies of the dominant merle gene. Double merles are often mostly white and can have resulting hearing and vision problems as a result of having two copies of the merle gene. Homozygous merles can be deaf, blind, express iris colobomas and microphthalmia. Not all homozygous merles are affected, but most are, making the breeding of two merles ethically questionable. Breeders will either euthanize mostly white pups or in the case of poorly qualified breeders, sell them as "rare" white Aussies without disclosing the potential for health defects. A large percentage of homozygous merles sold eventually end up in rescue and shelters as the average family is ill prepared to take on a deaf and/or blind pet. However, deaf and/or blind Australian Shepherds can make wonderful pets given a home prepared for their special needs.</p><h2>History</h2><p>The Australian Shepherd's history is vague, as is the reason for its misleading name. It is believed by some the breed has Basque origins in Spain and was used there by shepherds What is known is that it developed in western North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<div class="right"><a href="../pictures/australian-shepherd-3"><img alt="Australian Shepherd 3" src="/images/Australian Shepherd/australian-shepherd-3-thumb.jpg?1249530450" title="An Australian Shepherd from non-standard working lines; early breeders chose dogs for their abilities rather than conformation." /></a><br />An Australian Shepherd from non-standard working lines; early breeders chose dogs for their abilities rather than conformation.</div></p><p>Breeds as we know them today did not exist before Victorian times, but local variations of the ancestors of current breeds came into America along with their owners and livestock. Included are some that are now extinct or that have merged into other breeds. These may have included British herding dogs as well as dogs from Germany and Spain. For many centuries, shepherds had interest in dogs' working abilities rather than their appearance. As a result, over time, shepherds interbred dogs that they believed would produce better workers for the given climate and landscape. In the eastern U.S., Terrain and weather conditions were similar to that of Europe, however, so the existing imported breeds and their offspring worked well there.</p><p>In the American West, conditions were quite different. During the early introduction of sheep into America, the Spanish dogs that accompanied the flocks, proved well suited for their job in the new, wild and dangerous land. They were highly valued on the open range for their ability to herd and protect their charges from predators. In the arid and semiarid areas inhabited by early Spanish settlers, temperatures reached extremes of hot and cold, and fields varied in altitude from sea level to the higher, rougher Sierra Nevada and similar mountain ranges. The ranchers in these areas often pastured livestock on remote ranges. They preferred more aggressive herding dogs that served in the capacity of herder and guardian.</p><p>With the 1849 California Gold Rush, a massive migration occurred into to the west coast, and along with easterners came flocks of sheep and their eastern herding dogs; from the southwest came people and Spanish. But it was just as effective to bring sheep in by ship, and in they came, including flocks from Australia and other regions, along with shepherds and their own herding breeds.</p><p>Dogs from Australia had already begun to be selected and bred for climates and terrains that were often similar to California.</p><p>It is not clear where the name "Australian" came from, although it is possible that many of the dogs coming from Australia were blue merle and the adjective "Australian" became associated with any dogs of that coat color.</p><h3>Recent history</h3><p>Development of the breed began in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and the Pacific Northwest. The breed's foundation bloodlines are depicted in the <em><strong>Australian Shepherd Genealogy Chart</strong></em> showing the relationship between the early families of dogs.</p><p>Selective breeding for many generations focused on aspects of the dog that enabled it to function as an effective stockdog in the American west. It had to handle severe weather; have plenty of speed, athleticism, energy, and endurance; and be intelligent, flexible, and independent while remaining obedient. The actual foundation for the Australian Shepherd was established between 1940s and the early 1970s, when the Australian Shepherd Club of America was formed and the registry was started. They became popular as performing dogs in rodeos. Their stunts and skills earned them places in several Disney films, including <em>Run Appaloosa Run</em> and <em>Stub: The Greatest Cowdog in the West</em>..</p><h2>Activities</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/australian-shepherd-4"><img alt="Australian Shepherd 4" src="/images/Australian Shepherd/australian-shepherd-4-thumb.jpg?1249530451" title="A blue merle in a dog agility competition" /></a><br />A blue merle in a dog agility competition</div> Like other herding breeds, these dogs excel at many dog sports, especially herding, dog agility, frisbee, and flyball. The dog has a stride in which its front and back legs cross over, making for an appearance of "on the edge" speed. The dogs instinctively use a "pounce" position to deal with cattle trying to kick them. They also have strong hips and legs, allowing for fast acceleration and high jumping, sometimes as high as 4 ft (1.3m).</p><p>An Australian Shepherd named Pockets is credited as being the oldest dog to earn a title in AKC history, having earned the Rally Novice title at the age of 15 years, 5 weeks.</p><h2>Miscellaneous</h2><p>The Australian Shepherd Club of America ASCA was founded in 1957 to promote the breed. The National Stock Dog Registry became its official breed registry, which continued until ASCA took over in 1972. </p><p>In 1975, ASCA created a breed standard, describing exactly how an Australian Shepherd should look and be constructed (its <em>conformation</em> to the Standard). It developed more uniformity in the breed and standardized the type. </p><p>In the United States, the American Kennel Club is the primary registry for purebred dogs. However, many Aussie breeders felt that AKC put too much emphasis on breed conformity and not enough on performance, so ASCA declined to join the AKC. Those breeders who felt that AKC membership had its advantages split off from ASCA to form their own Australian Shepherd club, the United States Australian Shepherd Association, created their own breed standard, and joined the AKC in 1993. The decision about affiliation with the AKC remains controversial, as it does with many performance breeds.</p><p>The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognized the Australian Shepherd for international competition in 2007, in Group 1 <em>Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs</em> as breed number 342. An Australian Shepherd Dog from Latvia competed in the Fédération Cynologique Internationale Agility World Championships in Helsinki, Finland in 2008.</p><p>In addition to the Miniature Australian Shepherd, the western United States are now seeing the emergence of an even smaller version, referred to as the Toy Australian Shepherd, with adult males tipping the scales at a mere 12 to 15 pounds (5.5 to 7 kg). The genetic consequences of breeding the standard Australian Shepherd down to one-quarter size remain to be seen. Many breeders and owners of Australian Shepherds consider the Mini and Toy to be separate breeds; others consider them to be downsized versions of the same breed. ASCA and AKC considers all such variants to be separate breeds.</p><h2>Further reading</h2><ul><li></li><li></li></ul><h2>External links</h2><p></p><ul><li> - An active listing of Australian Shepherd links.</li></ul><p></p><p> </p><p> </p>

684

true

Australian Shepherd

true

</p><p>

United States

<p></p><p>The <strong>Australian Shepherd</strong> is a breed of herding dog that was developed on ranches in the Western United States. Despite its name, the breed, commonly known as an <strong>Aussie</strong>, did not originate in Australia. They acquired their name because of association with Basque sheepherders who came to the United States from Australia.</p>

2010-03-11T12:33:09-08:00

Sporting , Lab<br />Labrador

56 - 63 cms

12–16 years

27 - 36 kgs

Smooth, short and dense straight hair Black, chocolate, or yellow (cream or gold)

2008-12-17T08:33:34-08:00

<h2>History</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-1"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 1" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-1-thumb.jpg?1249530783" title="Nell - A St. John's Dog circa 1856." /></a><br />Nell - A St. John's Dog circa 1856.</div></p><p>The modern labrador's ancestors originated on the island of Newfoundland, now part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The breed emerged over time from the St. John's Water Dog, also an ancestor of the Newfoundland dog (to which the Labrador is closely related), through ad-hoc breedings by early settlers in the mid to late 16th century. The original forebears of the St. John's dog have variously been suggested to be crossbreeds of the black St. Hubert's hound from France, working water dogs from Portugal, old European pointer breeds and dogs belonging to the indigenous peoples of the area. From the St. John's Dog, two breeds emerged; the larger was used for hauling, and evolved into the large and gentle Newfoundland dog, likely as a result of breeding with mastiffs brought to the island by the generations of Portuguese fishermen who had been fishing offshore since the 1400s. The smaller short-coat retrievers used for retrieval and pulling in nets from the water were the forebears of the Labrador Retriever. The white chest, feet, chin, and muzzle characteristic of the St. John's Dog often appears in Lab mixes, and will occasionally manifest in Labs as a small white spot on the chest or stray white hairs on the feet or muzzle.</p><p>The St. John's area of Newfoundland was settled mainly by the English and Irish. Local fishermen originally used the St. John's dog to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore. A number of these were brought back to the Poole area of England in the early 1800s, then the hub of the Newfoundland fishing trade, by the gentry, and became prized as sporting and waterfowl hunting dogs. A few kennels breeding these grew up in England; at the same time a combination of sheep protection policy (Newfoundland) and rabies quarantine (England) led to their gradual demise in their country of origin.</p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-2-2"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 2" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-2-thumb.png?1249530784" title="A surviving picture of Buccleuch Avon (b.1885), the foundational dog of many modern Labradors." /></a><br />A surviving picture of Buccleuch Avon (b.1885), the foundational dog of many modern Labradors.</div></p><p>The first and second Earls of Malmesbury, who bred for duck shooting on his estate, and the 5th and 6th Dukes of Buccleuch, and youngest son Lord George William Montagu-Douglas-Scott, were instrumental in developing and establishing the modern Labrador breed in nineteenth century England. The dogs Avon ("Buccleuch Avon") and Ned given by Malmesbury to assist the Duke of Buccleuch's breeding program in the 1880s are usually considered the ancestors of all modern Labradors.</p><h3>Early descriptions</h3><p>Two early descriptions exist. In 1822, explorer W.E. Cormack crossed the island of Newfoundland by foot. In his journal he wrote "The dogs are admirably trained as retrievers in fowling, and are otherwise useful.....The smooth or short haired dog is preferred because in frosty weather the long haired kind become encumbered with ice on coming out of the water." </p><p>Another early report by a Colonel Hawker described the dog as "by far the best for any kind of shooting. He is generally black and no bigger than a Pointer, very fine in legs, with short, smooth hair and does not carry his tail so much curled as the other; is extremely quick, running, swimming and fighting....and their sense of smell is hardly to be credited...."</p><h3>Name</h3><p>There is some confusion in the naming of the early breed; the breed we now know as the Labrador Retriever was originally called the St. John's dog (from which it emerged), or lesser Newfoundland, but these were also considered distinct breeds by other sources. Other origins suggested for the name include the Spanish or Portuguese word for rural/agricultural workers, Portuguese "lavradores" or Spanish "labradores," and the village of Castro Laboreiro in Portugal whose herding and guard dogs bear a "striking resemblance" to Labradors.</p><h3> Historical landmarks </h3><p>The first written reference to the breed was in 1814 ("Instructions to Young Sportsmen" by Colonel Peter Hawker), the first painting in 1823 ("Cora. A Labrador Bitch" by Edwin Landseer), and the first photograph in 1856 (the Earl of Home's dog "Nell", described both as a Labrador and a St. Johns dog). By 1870 the name Labrador Retriever became common in England. The first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 (Ben of Hyde, kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe), and the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1903. The first American Kennel Club (AKC) registration was in 1917. The chocolate Labrador emerged in the 1930s, although liver spotted pups were documented being born at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892. The St. John's dog survived until the early 1980s, the last two individuals being photographed in old age around 1981.</p><h3> History of subtypes </h3><p>Ancestral chocolate and butterscotch-yellow colours (sometimes called "liver" or "golden") were noted in the original St. John's dogs as early as 1807, when the <em>Canton</em> shipwrecked carrying a number of St. John's dogs for the Earl of Malmesbury. Two dogs were later found, one black and one chocolate, evidence that chocolate had been a colour in the original St. John's dogs. Yellow and chocolate pups, and occasional black and tan or brindling, would occasionally reappear (although often culled), until finally gaining acceptance in the cases of chocolate and yellow or being mostly bred out of the breed in the cases of black-and-tan and brindled, although until the 20th century black was the preferred colour. </p><p>The first recognised yellow Labrador was Ben of Hyde, born 1899, and chocolate labs became more established in the 1930s.</p><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-3"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 3" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-3-thumb.png?1249530785" title="Ben of Hyde (b.1899), the first recognised yellow Labrador." /></a><br />Ben of Hyde (b.1899), the first recognised yellow Labrador.</div> ; Yellow (and related shades)</p><p>In the early years of the breed through to the mid-20th century, Labradors of a shade we would now call "yellow" were in fact a dark, almost butterscotch, colour (visible in early yellow Labrador photographs). The shade was known as "Golden" until required to be changed by the UK Kennel Club, on the grounds that "Gold" was not actually a colour. Over the 20th century a preference for far lighter shades of yellow through to cream prevailed, until today most yellow labs are of this shade.</p><p>Interest in the darker shades of gold and fox red were re-established by English breeders in the 1980s, and two dogs were instrumental in this change: Balrion King Frost (black, born approx. 1976) who consistently sired "very dark yellow" offspring and is credited as having "the biggest influence in the re-development of the fox red shade", and his great-grandson, the likewise famous Wynfaul Tabasco (b.1986), described as "the father of the modern fox red Labrador", and the only modern fox red Show Champion in the UK. Other dogs, such as Red Alert and Scrimshaw Placido Flamingo, are also credited with greatly passing on the genes into more than one renowned bloodline.</p><dl><dt> Chocolate labradors </dt></dl><p>Jack Vanderwyk traces the origins of all Chocolate labradors listed on the LabradorNet database (some 34,000 labradors dogs of all shades) to eight original bloodlines. However, the shade was not seen as a distinct colour until the 20th century; before then according to Vanderwyk, such dogs can be traced but were not registered. A degree of crossbreeding with Flatcoat or Chesapeake Bay retrievers was also documented in the early 20th century, prior to recognition. Chocolate labradors were also well established in the early 20th century at the kennels of the Earl of Feversham, and Lady Ward of Chiltonfoliat.</p><p>The bloodlines as traced by Vanderwyk each lead back to three black labradors in the 1880s—Buccleuch Avon (m), and his sire and dam, Malmesbury Tramp (m), and Malmesbury June (f). Morningtown Tobla is also named as an important intermediary, and according to the studbook of Buccleuch Kennels, the chocolates in that kennel came through FTW Peter of Faskally (1908).</p><h2>Description</h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-4"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 4" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-4-thumb.jpg?1249530786" title="right||A black Labrador from English stock." /></a><br />right||A black Labrador from English stock.</div></p><h3>Appearance</h3><p>Labradors are relatively large, with males typically weighing 30 - 36 kgs and females 25 - 32 kgs. Labs weighing close to or over 100 lbs are considered obese or having a major fault under American Kennel Club standards, although some labs weigh significantly more. The majority of the characteristics of this breed, with the exception of colour, are the result of breeding to produce a working retriever. </p><p>As with some other breeds, the English (typically "show" or "bench") and the American (typically "working" or "field") lines differ, although both lines are bred in both countries. In general, however, in the United Kingdom, Labs tend to be bred as medium-sized dogs, shorter and stockier with fuller faces and a slightly calmer nature than their American counterparts, which are often bred as taller, lighter-built dogs. These two types are informal and not codified or standardised; no distinction is made by the AKC or other kennel clubs, but the two types come from different breeding lines. Australian stock also exists; though not seen in the west, they are common in Asia.</p><p>The breed tends to shed hair twice annually, or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates. Some labs shed a lot; however, individual labs vary. Labrador hair is usually fairly short and straight, and the tail quite broad and strong. The otter-like tail and webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers. Their interwoven coat is also relatively waterproof, providing more assistance for swimming. Along with a few other breeds of dogs, labs are known for stretching out their hind legs straight when lying down.</p><h4>Official breed standards</h4><p>Like any animal, there is a great deal of variety among Labs. The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred (bench-bred) lines of this breed in the United States, and are based on the AKC standard. Significant differences between US and UK standards are noted.</p><ul><li><strong>Size</strong>: Labs are a medium-large but compact breed. They should have an appearance of proportionality. They should be as long from the withers to the base of the tail as they are from the floor to the withers. Males should stand tall at the withers and weigh 65 - 80 lbs. Females should stand and weigh 55 - 70 lbs. By comparison under UK Kennel Club standards, height should be for males, and for females.</li></ul><ul><li><strong>Coat</strong>: The Lab's coat should be short and dense, but not wiry. The coat is described as 'water-resistant' or more accurately 'water-repellent' so that the dog does not get cold when taking to water in the winter. That means that the dog naturally has a slightly dry, oily coat. Acceptable colors are black, yellow(ranging fom ivory or creme to fox red), and chocolate.</li></ul><ul><li><strong>Head</strong>: The head should be broad with a pronounced and slightly pronounced brow. The eyes should be kind and expressive. Appropriate eye colours are brown and hazel. The lining around the eyes should be black. The ears should hang close to the head and are set slightly above the eyes.</li></ul><ul><li><strong>Jaws</strong>: The jaws should be strong and powerful. The muzzle should be of medium length, and should not be too tapered. The jaws should hang slightly and curve gracefully back.</li></ul><ul><li><strong>Body</strong>: The body should be strong and muscular with a level top line.</li></ul><p>The tail and coat are designated "distinctive [or distinguishing] features" of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC. The AKC adds that "true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail."</p><h4>Color</h4><p> </p><p>There are three recognised colours for Labs: black (a solid black colour), yellow (anything from light cream to gold to "fox-red"), and chocolate (medium to dark brown). There are no such things as silver or golden Labradors, a common mistake for the Yellow variant. There is also a black-and-tan coat type, but this coat colour is the least popular as it renders the Labrador un-showable except in the UK.</p><p>Puppies of all colours can potentially occur in the same litter. Colour is determined primarily by two genes. The first gene (the B locus) determines the density of the coat's pigment granules: dense granules result in a black coat, sparse ones give a chocolate coat. The second (E) locus determines whether the pigment is produced at all. A dog with the recessive e allele will produce little pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus. Variations in numerous other genes control the subtler details of the coat's colouration, which in yellow Labs varies from white to light gold to a fox red. Chocolate and black Labs' noses will match the coat colour. </p><h5>Nose and skin pigmentation</h5><p>Because Labrador colouration is controlled by multiple genes, it is possible for recessive genes to emerge some generations later and also there can sometimes be unexpected pigmentation effects to different parts of the body. Pigmentation effects appear in regard to yellow Labradors, and sometimes chocolate, and hence the majority of this section covers pigmentation within the yellow Labrador. The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, feet, tail, and the rims of the eyes, which may be black, brown, light yellow-brown ("liver", caused by having two genes for chocolate), or several other colours. A Labrador can carry genes for a different colour, for example a black Labrador can carry recessive chocolate and yellow genes, and a yellow Labrador can carry recessive genes for the other two colours. DNA testing can reveal some aspects of these. Less common pigmentations (other than pink) are a fault, not a disqualification, and hence such dogs are still permitted to be shown. The intensity of black pigment on yellow Labs is controlled by a separate gene independent of the fur colouring. Yellow Labradors usually have black noses, which may gradually turn pink with age (called "snow nose" or "winter nose"). This is due to a reduction in the enzyme tyrosinase which indirectly controls the production of melanin, a dark colouring. Tyrosinase is temperature dependent—hence light colouration can be seasonal, due to cold weather—and is less produced with increasing age two years old onwards. As a result, the nose colour of most yellow Labs becomes a somewhat pink shade as they grow older. </p><p><div class="left"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-5"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 5" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-5-thumb.jpg?1249530787" title="A seven-week-old Dudley Labrador Retriever. The nose and lips are pink or flesh-coloured, the defining aspect of Dudley pigmentation, as compared to the more standard brown or black." /></a><br />A seven-week-old Dudley Labrador Retriever. The nose and lips are pink or flesh-coloured, the defining aspect of Dudley pigmentation, as compared to the more standard brown or black.</div> A colouration known as "Dudley" is also possible. Dudleys are variously defined as yellow Labs which have no pigmented (pink) noses (LRC), yellow with liver/chocolate pigmentation (AKC), or "flesh coloured" in addition to having the same colour around the rims of the eye, rather than having black or dark brown pigmentation. A yellow Labrador with brown or chocolate pigmentation, for example, a brown or chocolate nose, is not necessarily a Dudley, though according to the AKC's current standard it would be if it has chocolate rims around the eyes (or more accurately of the genotype eebb). Breed standards for Labradors considers a true Dudley to be a disqualifying feature in a conformation show Lab, such as one with a thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment along with flesh coloured rims around the eyes. True Dudleys are extremely rare.</p><p>Breeding in order to correct pigmentation often lacks dependability. Because colour is determined by many genes, some of which are recessive, crossbreeding a pigmentation non-standard yellow Labrador to a black Labrador may not correct the matter or prevent future generations carrying the same recessive genes. For similar reasons, crossbreeding chocolate to yellow labs is also often avoided.</p><h4>Show and field lines</h4><p>There are significant differences between field and trial-bred (sometimes referred to as "American") and show-bred (or "English") lines of Labradors, arising as a result of specialised breeding. Dogs bred for hunting and field-trial work are selected first for working ability, where dogs bred to compete in conformation shows are selected for their conformation to the standards and characteristics sought by judges in the show ring. </p><p>While individual dogs may vary, in general show-bred Labradors are heavier built, slightly shorter-bodied, and have a thicker coat and tail. Field Labradors are generally longer legged, lighter, and more lithe in build. In the head, show Labradors tend to have broader heads, better defined stops, and more powerful necks, while field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles. Field-bred Labradors are commonly higher energy and more high-strung compared to the Labrador bred for conformation showing, and as a consequence may be more suited to working relationships than being a "family pet". Some breeders, especially those specialising in the field type, feel that breed shows do not adequately recognise their type of dog, leading to occasional debate regarding officially splitting the breed into subtypes.</p><p>In the United States, the AKC and the Labrador's breed club have set the breed standard to accommodate the field-bred Labrador somewhat. For instance, the AKC withers-height standards allow conformation dogs to be slightly taller than the equivalent British standard. However, dual champions, or dogs that excel in both the field and the show ring, are becoming more unusual. </p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-6"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 6" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-6-thumb.jpg?1249530787" title="These chocolate Labradors from field-bred stock are typically lighter in build and have a shorter coat than conformation show Labrador." /></a><br />These chocolate Labradors from field-bred stock are typically lighter in build and have a shorter coat than conformation show Labrador.</div> </p><h4>Non-variants</h4><p>Terms such as "golden", "silver", "blue", "white", "red" or "grey" as variants are not recognised. The term "Golden Labrador" has been used both as an incorrect term for yellow labradors of a golden shade, and also for any Labrador-Golden Retriever crossbreed of any colour, including black. White is a light shade of yellow (officially referred to as 'light cream' or 'pale yellow' in the standard), and silver is not recognised. Claims that some "rare" variants exist or have been verified by DNA testing, or the like, are widely considered to be a 'scam'.</p><h2> Temperament </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-7"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 7" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-7-thumb.jpg?1249530788" title="A Labrador participating in dog agility" /></a><br />A Labrador participating in dog agility</div></p><p>Labradors are a well-balanced, friendly and versatile breed, adaptable to a wide range of functions as well as making very good pets. As a rule they are not excessively prone to being territorial, pining, insecure, aggressive, destructive, hypersensitive, or other difficult traits which sometimes manifest in a variety of breeds, and as the name suggests, they are excellent retrievers. As an extension of this, they instinctively enjoy holding objects and even hands or arms in their mouths, which they can do with great gentleness (a Labrador can carry an egg in its mouth without breaking it). They are also known to have a very soft feel to the mouth, as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl. They are prone to chewing objects (though they can be trained out of this behaviour). The Labrador Retriever's coat repels water to some extent, thus facilitating the extensive use of the dog in waterfowl hunting.</p><p> Labradors have a reputation as a very mellow breed and an excellent family dog (including a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals), but some lines (particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field rather than for their appearance) are particularly fast and athletic. Their fun-loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and firm handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand—an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic. Females may be slightly more independent than males. Labradors mature at around three years of age; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppyish energy, often mislabelled as being hyperactive. Because of their enthusiasm, leash-training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full-grown. Labs often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly and other forms of activity (such as agility, frisbee, or flyball). Reflecting their retrieving bloodlines, almost every Lab loves playing in water or swimming.</p><p>Although they will sometimes bark at noise, especially noise from an unseen source ("alarm barking"), Labs are usually not noisy or territorial. They are often very easygoing and trusting with strangers, and therefore are not usually suitable as guard dogs.</p><p>Labradors have a well-known reputation for appetite, and some individuals may be highly indiscriminate, eating digestible and non-food objects alike. They are persuasive and persistent in requesting food. For this reason, the Labrador owner must carefully control his/her dog's food intake to avoid obesity and its associated health problems (see below).</p><p>The steady temperament of Labs and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue, detection, and therapy work. Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever.</p><h3>Exploration</h3><p>Labradors are not especially renowned for escapology. They do not typically jump high fences or dig. Because of their personalities, some Labs climb and/or jump for their own amusement. As a breed they are highly intelligent and capable of intense single-mindedness and focus if motivated or their interest is caught. Therefore, with the right conditions and stimuli, a bored Labrador could "turn into an escape artist <em>par excellence</em>".</p><p>Labradors as a breed are curious, exploratory and love company, following both people and interesting scents for food, attention and novelty value. In this way, they can often "vanish" or otherwise become separated from their owners with little fanfare. They are also popular dogs if found, and at times may be stolen. Because of this a number of dog clubs and rescue organisations (including the UK's Kennel Club) consider it good practice that Labradors be microchipped, with the owner's name and address also on their collar and tags.</p><h3>Use as working dogs</h3><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-8"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 8" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-8-thumb.jpg?1249530788" title="Labradors are a very popular selection for use as guide dogs." /></a><br />Labradors are a very popular selection for use as guide dogs.</div> Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments (breed statistics show that 91.5% of Labradors who were tested passed the American Temperament Test.) Common working roles for Labradors include: hunting, tracking and detection (they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas), disabled-assistance, carting, and therapy work. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs.</p><p>The high intelligence, initiative and self-direction of Labradors in working roles is evinced by individuals such as Endal, who during a 2001 emergency is believed to be the first dog to have placed an unconscious human being in the recovery position without prior training, then obtaining the human's mobile phone, "thrusting" it by their ear on the ground, then fetching their blanket, before barking at nearby dwellings for assistance. A number of labradors have also taught themselves to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs without prior training.</p><h2> Health and well-being </h2><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-9"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 9" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-9-thumb.jpg?1249530790" title="Many dogs, including Labs such as this twelve year old, show distinct whitening of the coat as they grow older; especially around the muzzle." /></a><br />Many dogs, including Labs such as this twelve year old, show distinct whitening of the coat as they grow older; especially around the muzzle.</div></p><p>Labrador pups should not be brought home before they are 7–10 weeks old. Their life expectancy is generally 12 to 13 years, and it is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems. Notable issues related to health and wellbeing include:</p><h3>Inherited disorders</h3><p>* Labs are somewhat prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, especially the larger dogs, though not as much as some other breeds. Hip scores are recommended before breeding.</p><ul><li>Labs also suffer from the risk of knee problems. A luxating patella is a common occurrence in the knee where the leg is often bow shaped.</li><li>Eye problems are also possible in some Labs, particularly progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, corneal dystrophy and retinal dysplasia. Dogs which are intended to be bred should be examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist for an eye score.</li><li>Hereditary myopathy, a rare inherited disorder that causes a deficiency in type II muscle fibre. </li><li>There is a small incidence of other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and deafness in labs, either congenitally or later in life.</li></ul><h3>Other disorders</h3><p>Labs are sometimes prone to ear infection, because their floppy ears trap warm moist air. This is easy to control, but needs regular checking to ensure that a problem is not building up unseen. A healthy Labrador ear should look clean and light pink (almost white) inside. Darker pink (or inflamed red), or brownish deposits, are a symptom of ear infection. The usual treatment is regular cleaning daily or twice daily (being careful not to force dirt into the sensitive inner ear) and sometimes medication (ear drops) for major cases. As a preventative measure, some owners clip the hair carefully around the ear and under the flap, to encourage better air flow. Labradors also get cases of allergic reactions to food or other environmental factors.</p><h3>Obesity</h3><p>Labs can easily become overweight, due to their enjoyment of treats, hearty appetites, and endearing behaviour towards people. Lack of activity is also a contributing factor. A healthy Labrador should keep a very slight hourglass waist and be fit and light, rather than fat or heavy-set. Excessive weight is strongly implicated as a risk factor in the later development of hip dysplasia or other joint problems and diabetes, and also can contribute to general reduced health when older. Osteoarthritis is commonplace in older, especially overweight, Labs. A 14 year study covering 48 dogs by food manufacturer Purina showed that labs fed to maintain a lean body shape outlived those fed freely, by around two years, emphasizing the importance of not over-feeding.</p><h2> Appearance Around the World </h2><p>In the United States, the breed gained wider recognition following a 1928 American Kennel Gazette article, <em>"Meet the Labrador Retriever"</em>. Before this time, the AKC had only registered 23 Labradors in the country, in part because US and UK hunting styles had different requirements. Labradors acquired popularity as hunting dogs during the 1920s and especially after World War II, as they gained recognition as combining some of the best traits of the two favourite United States breeds as both game finders and water dogs.</p><p>Outside North America and Western Europe, the Labrador arrived later. For example, the Russian Retriever Club traces the arrival of Labradors to the late 1960s, as household pets of diplomats and others in the foreign ministry. The establishment of the breed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (ex-USSR) was initially hindered by the relatively small numbers of Labradors and great distances involved, leading to difficulty establishing breedings and bloodlines; at the start of the 1980s, home-born dogs were still regularly supplemented by further imports from overseas. Difficulties such as these initially led to Labradors being tacitly cross-bred to other types of retriever. In the 1990s, improved access to overseas shows and bloodlines is said to have helped this situation become regularised.</p><h3>Demography</h3><p> The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog. For example :</p><list type='indent'><li><ul><li>Widely considered the most popular breed in the world.</li><li>Most popular dog by ownership in USA (since 1991), UK, Australia, New Zealand Canada, and Israel. </li><li>In both the UK and USA, there are well over twice as many Labradors registered as the next most popular breed. If the comparison is limited to dog breeds of a similar size, then there are around 3 - 5 times as many Labradors registered in both countries as the next most popular breeds, the German Shepherd and Golden Retriever.</li><li>Most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States, Australia and many other countries, as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abilities. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors (see below).</li><li>Seven out of 13 of the Australian National Kennel Council <em>"Outstanding Gundogs"</em> Hall of Fame appointees are Labradors (list covers 2000-2005).</li></ul></li></list><p>There is no global registry of Labradors, nor detailed information on numbers of Labradors living in each country. The countries with the five largest numbers of Labrador registrations as of 2005 are: 1: United States 2: United Kingdom and France (approximately equal), 4: Sweden, 5: Finland. Sweden and Finland have far lower populations than the other three countries, suggesting that these two countries have the highest proportion of labs per million people:</p><list type='indent'><li><list type='indent'><li></li></list></li></list><p>OFA statistics suggest that yellow and black labs are registered in very similar numbers (yellow slightly more than black); chocolate in lesser numbers.</p><list type='indent'><li><em>Note: number of registrations is not necessarily the same as number of living dogs at any given time.</em></li></list><h2>Famous labradors</h2><p> As both the most popular breed by registered ownership and also the most popular breed for assistance dogs in several countries, there have been many notable and famous labradors since the breed was recognised.</p><p>A selection of a few of the most famous labradors within various categories includes:</p><p><div class="right"><a href="../pictures/labrador-retriever-10"><img alt="Labrador Retriever 10" src="/images/Labrador Retriever/labrador-retriever-10-thumb.jpg?1249530793" title="Endal, the world's most decorated dog, wearing his PDSA Gold Medal." /></a><br />Endal, the world's most decorated dog, wearing his PDSA Gold Medal.</div> ;Assistance dogs</p><ul><li>Endal, a service dog in England. Among other distinctions, "the most decorated dog in the world" (including "Dog of the Millennium" and the PDSA’s Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty), the first dog to ride on the London Eye and the first dog known to work a 'chip and pin' ATM card. By his death in March 2009 Endal and his owner/handler Allen Parton had been filmed almost 350 times by crews from several countries, and a film of a year in Endal's life was in production.</li></ul><dl><dt>Police, military, rescue and detection dogs:</dt></dl><ul><li>Lucky and Flo, twin Black Labrador counterfeit detection dogs who became famous in 2007 for "sniffing out nearly 2 million pirated counterfeit DVDs" on a six-month secondment to Malaysia in 2007. Following the multi-million dollar, 6-arrest Malaysian detection, they became the first dogs to be awarded Malaysia's, "outstanding service award", and software pirates were stated to have put a £30,000 contract out for their lives.</li></ul><dl><dt>Pets:</dt></dl><ul><li>Former President of the United States Bill Clinton's Labradors Buddy and Seamus.</li><li>Former Russian President, and current Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's Labrador 'Koni'.</li></ul><dl><dt>Fiction and media:</dt></dl><ul><li>Labradors have featured variously as pets and significant characters in sitcoms and other TV shows, as well as other portrayals in the media. Bouncer in <em>Neighbours</em>, and Luath in <em>The Incredible Journey</em>, are two TV examples.</li><li>Marley is an American Labrador portrayed in Marley & Me, a book by John Grogan in which Grogan recounts his life and times with Marley.</li></ul><dl><dt>Mascots and advertising:</dt></dl><ul><li>Since 1972, a yellow Labrador pup known as the Andrex Puppy has been an advertising symbol for Andrex (Cottonelle) toilet tissue.</li><li>Michigan State University has an ongoing tradition of Zeke the Wonder Dog. The original "Zeke" and "Zeke III" were yellow labs and "Zeke II" was a black lab.</li></ul><p></p><ul><li>Nigger, a black labrador, was the official mascot for the famous Dambusters squadron and still currently is. Nigger was the dog that the squadron used to take onboard for missions.</li></ul><h2> Significant crossbreeds </h2><p>The "Labradoodle" is a popular "designer dog" that combines a Labrador with a Poodle, to create a hybrid that is more suited to allergy sufferers. </p><p>Some assistant-dog groups use Golden Retriever / Labrador Retriever hybrids (officially called a Golden Labrador Retriever) as they have found it can produce a dog with a more suitable temperament. It is important to use dogs from good stocks since crossbreeds are not immune to such problems and since Golden Retrievers and Labradors have similar health problems.</p><p>The assistance dog organization Mira utilises Labrador-Bernese Mountain Dog crosses ("Labernese") with success. </p><h2>Further reading</h2><p></p><ul><li></p><ul><li></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

587

false

7–12 pups

Labrador Retriever

false

Originated Canada;<br />developed as a breed in the UK

<p></p><p>The <strong>Labrador Retriever</strong> (also <strong>Labrador</strong>, or <strong>Lab</strong> for short) is one of several kinds of retriever, a type of gun dog. The Labrador, once known as the Lesser Newfoundland, is the most popular breed of dog (by registered ownership) in the world, and is by a large margin the most popular breed by registration in the United States (since 1991), and the United Kingdom. It is also the most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States, Australia, and many other countries, as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abilities. They are exceptionally affable, gentle, intelligent, energetic, and good-natured, and Labradors are generally considered good companions for people of all ages (due to a high level of patience and tolerance for children), making them both excellent companions and working dogs. With training, the Labrador is one of the most dependable, obedient, and multitalented breeds in the world.</p>

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